The Important Effexts of Food Colours on Appetite Essay Example for Free

The Important Effexts of Food Colours on Appetite Essay The relationship between food colour and appetite has been concerned by many scientists in recent years. This project considers the importance of food colour on appetite through analysing and evaluating the effects of different food colour on appetite and then other factors that contribute to appetite are explored. As last step, comparison is conducted to find the most important element on appetite. With regard to other factors, it is concluded that the food colour play an important role in affecting appetite. This may be of interest to consumers, especially the people who want to find effective method to control and manage appetite. Contents | |Page | |Abstract | | | | | |Introduction |1 | | | | |1. The Effects of Different Food Colours on Appetite |2 | | 1. 1 The effects of red and yellow on appetite |2 | | 1. 2 The effects blue on appetite |2 | | 1. 3 The effects of green on appetite |3 | | 1. 4 The effects of purple and black on appetite |3 | | 1. 5 Evaluation of effects of food colours on appetite |3 | | | | |2. The Effects of other Factors on Appetite |5 | | 2. 1 The effect flavour of food on appetite |5 | | 2. 1. 1 The effect of smell and taste on appetite |5 | | 2. 2 The effects of ambience on appetite |5 | | 2. 2. 1 The effect of light on appetite |6 | | 2. 2. 2 The effect of sound on appetite |6 | | 2. 2. 3 The effect of temperature on appetite |7 | | 2. 3 Summary |8 | | 2. 4 Evaluate and compare the food colour and other factors |8 | | | | |Conclusion |10 | | | | |List of references |11 | Introduction In recent years, consumers have generally paied attention to the appearance of food. Since one of the most fundamental elements of food could be the food colour, when people see food at first sight, the appearance of a dish may have positive and negative influence on people’s appetite (Hutchings 1994). Counsell (1981) and Petit (2006) summarise that colour plays a crucial role in the appearance of food from a psychophysical point of view. They remark that when different wavelengths of light come into eyes, due to the combination of eyes and brain through a series of mechanisms, colour will be produced and defined. The so-called appetite is a kind of physiological needs for eating. Nevertheless, a full stomach does not stand for that people do not have appetite and a desire to eat. The purpose of this project is to find the main element among colour, flavour and ambience which can influence appetite the most. Various food colours which can be seen in daily life will first be compared to describe the different negative and positive effects on appetite and evaluate the relationship of food colours on appetite. Then, other effective factors on appetite such as food flavour and eating ambience will be taken into consideration. Since the consumers do not know how different food colour, food flavour and environment could influence their behavior, it is felt that this examination will highlight this field and help consumers to move forward a single step to perceive the factors that can affect their appetite. 1. The Effects of Different Food Colours on Appetite Natnette and John (2004) summarise that â€Å"Colour can produce autonomic biological reaction, certain emotional responses, and direct attention† (P. 826). For the majority of consumers, food colour is a kind of standard for assessing food quality prior to purchasing and consuming it (Huthings1994). He also concludes that there are several usual food colours in our daily life such as red, green, orange, purple and yellow, but some colours are difficult to find ,such as blue and black. In this connection, the different food colours and their various effects of them on people appetite will be clarified and compared. 1. 1 The effects of red and yellow on appetite In a psychological study Birren(1969) finds that red is an energetic colour which gives people a strong feeling of emotion. When people see the red colour, they may experience the feeling of happiness or peace and would make them hungry. However, yellow can stimulate people’s brain activity and makes people feel excited? comfortable and warm. It seems that people’s appetite can be improved significantly by red and yellow (Singh, 2006). Boym (2001) points that if red and yellow appear on the table at the same time, people would be likely to eat more, because the combination of red with yellow can make people feel friendly and can remember this combination deeply. The fast food company McDonalds, as everyone knows, ingeniously applies both red and yellow in their decoration, food package and even food. That could be one of the reasons why people all around the world would like to go to MacDonald and they get attracted by the its chain of restaurants. As a result, this appears to be a wise choice that just by adding some red and yellow colour to the food recipe, even people with poor appetite be more likely to purchase food products. 1. 2 The effects blue on appetite Blue food which is rarely found in the nature(Hutchings, 1994) represent peace, quiet and calmness and that is considered to have a beneficial effect on peoples physical and mental ability (Singh, 2006). Hence, people’s appetite obtain weak suppression and according to psychological finding, it is shown that when people want to lose weight, putting blue items in the kitchen would play an important role in eliminating their appetite (Allew,1998). 3. The effects of green on appetite According to Pegler (1991), no matter which kind of the food is consumed, the majority of people may think that the food is healthy and safe as long as it is green. Green food probably signifies safety in these people’s subconscious and green represents bright, fresh and natural, which could help stabilize mood and ease the tension. Following from such a concept, people would like to accept most green things. 4. The effects of purple and black on appetite Johnson (2005) researches that people prefer to avoid purple and black food in their lives, when our ancestors searched food and found in purple and black that was a fatal alarm. These colours would have been considered toxic and rotten. The effects of the long-term sense may lead to the modern people behaviour on food. Hence, people probably do not have positive feeling towards on black and purple food. 1. 5 Evaluation of effects of food colours on appetite It is almost certain that different food colours indeed influence people’s appetite. Huthings (1994) analyzs that food colour also helps consumers judge the quality of food as well. It seems quite reasonable that while some foods are chosen easily and are always in the peoples everyday diet yet the others are not so popular and are often left on the supermarket shelf that is all a matter of food colour. Besides, because food manufacturers want to attract and induce more consumers, coloured food could be found anywhere such as sweets, beverages, ice-cream and others. Tyner (1997) points out that colour is the first characteristic we notice in food, so food colour has a major function in influencing people’s appetite. 2. The Effects of other Factors on Appetite 2. 1 The effect flavour of food on appetite The combination of smell and taste can be explained by scientists to describe the perception of food flavor (Petit, 2006). However, ISO5492 (1992) summarises that smell, taste and trigeminal sensations comprise the flavour together, while odor and taste play the dominate role in flavour. 2. 1. 1 The effect of smell and taste on appetite As everyone knows, an unpleasant odour can influence and suppress people’s appetite whatever environmental or food smell is, food intake and meal times would be decrease relatively. Nevertheless, the effects of smell on appetite are complicated. Petit (2006) concludes that â€Å"smell is the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by volatile chemicals†((P. 3). According to Natnette and John (2004), smell is directly and closely connected to appetite and food intake. Different smells can stimulate people’s expectation for food which includes the taste or the quality of food and even can be evoked by the previous memorial odor (e. g. , mother’s soup). Petit (2006) says â€Å"tastes are the sensations perceived by the taste receptors when stimulated by certain soluble substances† (P. 4). According to Schiffman and Graham (2000), taste can influence food choices and appetite. Due to internal preparation for digesting, people will have a desire to eat or purchase food when they smell it. In other words, taste induces people to have needs for food and provides motivation and the impulse for eating. Hence, it seems probable that the integration of smell with taste can significantly affect people’s appetite. 2. 2 The effects of ambience on appetite Eating ambience have a relatively wide meaning (ambience here refers to the atmosphere that food is served; it actually includes many external factors such as the light, sound and temperature of the environment (Natnette and John 2006). In the following part, the effects from different lights, sound and temperature on food intake and appetite will be discussed. 2. 2. 1 The effect of light on appetite According to the research of Wansink (1994), the food consumption of people can be affected by soft lighting, the dominant reason is that soft light can make people feel more comfortable. Consumers’ resistance to delicious food will be reduced and meal times will be extended. As a result, food intake of consumers relatively may increase. Wansink (1994) also say that bright and glaring light could decrease the time people spend at on eating location because people always have better self-discipline which could explain why fast-food restaurants prefer to use bright lights, in order to accelerate the speed of eating food. 2. 2. 2 The effect of sound on appetite Music can always be heard in restaurants, which is a kind of method used to stimulate appetite and consumption. Natnette and John (2006) conclude that music which is being played in the eating atmosphere not only plays function on covering unpleasant sound, but also makes consumers feel relaxed and changing consumers’ mood. It seems clearly that the quantity of food and fluid could be affected by the different types of music (Natnette and John 2004). According to the research done by McElrea and Standing (1992), since loud and fast music can raise listeners’ heart rate and blood pressure, the speed of drinking will be enhanced. It could be concluded that fast music could improve the quantity of food consumption and food intake, because the tempo of fast music can increase the frequency of chewing (Roballey, McGreevy and Rongo,1985). By contrast, soft and slow music could reduce the speed of eating and extend the time consumers spend in the eating place; however, a greater monetary value of food will be consumed in such surrounding. In other words, if people listen to slower music or the music that they love, thay will prefer to spend a longer time in the restaurant. Hence, they can easily drink and eat more than the consumers who are not in such environment. Different types of music have various connections with people’s appetite (Roballey, McGreevy and Rongo, 1985). 2. 2. 3 The effect of temperature on appetite The effects of temperature on appetite are often not understood by consumers. The temperature includes food temperature and ambient temperature. Due to influencing the speed of metabolism from the food temperature, the reaction of the stomach to hot and cold food and beverage is different (Natnette and John 2004). Hot food (e. g. , warm milk ) appears to reduce the capability of people’s metabolism. Another study (Bre? zinova 1972) show that processed and hot food could emerge more flavour which can raise the temperature of people’s body to restrain appetite and induce satiety. In general, consumers who live in different areas have various preferences on food temperature due to difference food behaviour, culture, experience and expectation. It could be summarised that regardless of the preference for food temperature, the food temperature can affect appetite and even food intake. McConnachie and Alexander (2004) also conduct a research and came to the conclusion that people’s appetite are hugely different within hot and cold surroundings; therefore, the type of food chosen by consumers and the amount of intake will likely be depend on many factors. For instance, in winter, people whose basic metabolic rate is faster than people who live in summer need more energy and caloric consumption to produce and keep warm (Natnette and John, 2004), whereas some scientists hold the doubtful opinion(Westerterp-Platenga 1999). For this reason, it is common perception that warm food should be selected more in cold weather while cold food and beverage should be chosen more in hot condition. From the discussion and comparison above, people, generally, have positive appetite and increase food intake in the presence of cool, air conditioned ambience. 2. 3 Summary The above views indicate that food flavour and ambience of eating location appears to influence people’s appetite, food choices and food intake according to the individual’s experience, background and the expectation of food. The combination of smell and taste composes primarily flavour and affects further customers’ desire for food, while light, sound, temperature of eating location also have effects on their appetite. It could be also true that soft and warm light and loud and fast music appear to increase consumers’ food intake and extend the time of consuming, while cold and air-conditioned surroundings could improve consumption and intense appetite, vice versa. 2. 4 Evaluate and compare the food colour and other factors After viewing the appearance of food, consumers would have the visual flavour including smell and taste. That could be to say that visual flavour appears before the real flavor when it comes into consumer’s nose and mouth. Besides, Hutchings (1994) and Petit (2006) research affirm that food colour could influence people’s perception and expectation of food flavour before smelling and tasting. It seems that visual and expected flavour will be associated when people see the appearance of food in the first sight according to their previous experience, which can influence consumers’ judgement for food quality and flavour and even affect their appetite. This phenomenon may explain why coloured food exists and that would be because coloured food not only can highlight the flavour of the product but also offset the lost colour from processing (Tyner, 1997). The effects of ambience also have the positive and negative effects on people’s appetite and food intake. However, the ambience such as light, sound, temperature is external elements out of food. It seems that the main choice of food appears not to depend on food itself. Gordon, Angela and Little summarise (1962) that â€Å"the first impression of a food is usually visual and a major part of our willingness to accept a food depends on its color† (P. ix). Hence, food colour appears to play an important role in influencing people’s appetite. Conclusion Food colour could influence mostly people’s appetite than other factors when they see the food in the first sight. This may happen by the different food colours and other factors including flavor and eating ambience on appetite. These can be summarised that different food colours such as yellow, red, orange and green could encourage people to have desire to eat; however, rare purple, blue and black in food seem to be unpopular among the majority of consumers. At the same time, other factors (flavour, ambience) also could affect food choices, food intake and appetite. In discussion progress, however, owing to the fact that colour could influence flavour and the factor of food colour should be paid more attention than ambience which is the less effective element on people’s appetite. The study of effects of food colour on appetite has been considered by many scientists. Counsell (1981), Hutchings (1994), Petit (2006) and Robyn (2010) indicant that colourful foods do stimulate effectively people’s appetite when consumers notice the food before consuming. It should be noted that a detailed examination of others factors such as food shape, social variables and time-related characteristics affecting appetite lies outside of the parameters of this paper and further work could be done in this area. This would be of particular interest to those involved in the identification of natural and artificial food colour and could help avoid the problems encountered by consumers who are cheated by some pusher. References Alley, R, L. (1998) ‘The influence of physical state and colour on perceived sweetness’. Psychology 132 (5), 561-568 Berrin, F. (1969) Principles of Colour: a Review of Past Traditions and Modern Theories of Colour Harmony. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Boym, C. (2001) ‘My McDonald’s’. Food and Culture 1(1), 6-8 Bre? zinova, V, O. (1972) ‘Sleep after a bedtime beverage’. Br Med J 2(1), 431 Counsell, J, N.(1981). Natural Colours for Food and Other Uses. England: Applied Science Publishers LTD Dalzell, J, M. (eds. ) (1997) Ingredients Handbook Food Colours. Surrey: Leatherhead Food RA Hutchings, J, B. (1994) Food Colour and Appearance. New York: Blackie Academic Professional Johnson, J. (2005) Psychology of Colour [online] available from [8 September 2012] ISO5492. (1992) â€Å"Glossary of terms relating to sensory analysis. † McConnachie, S. and Alexander, G, J. (2004) ‘The effect of temperature on digestive and assimilation efficiency, gut passage time and appetite in an Ambush foragin lizard, Cordylus Melantus Melanotus’. J Comp Physiol 174(34), 99-105 McElrea, H. and Standing, F. (1992) ‘Fast music causes fast drinking’. Perceptual and Motor Skills 75(13), 362 Natnette, S. and John, M. (2004) ‘Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice’. Nutrition 20(4), 821-838 Natnette, S. and John, M. (2006) ‘Listening to music while eating is relating to increases in people’s food intake and meal duration’. Appetite 47(21), 285-289 Pegler, Martin, M. (1991) Food Presentation and Display. New York: Retail Reporting Corporation Petit, C, E, F. (2006) Multimodal Flavour Perception: Influence of Colour and Chemesthesis. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press Roballey, C. (1985) ‘The effect of music on eating behavior’. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23 (3), 221-223 Singh, S. (2006) ‘Impact of color on marketing’. Management Decision 44 (6), 783 -789 Wansink, D. and Tinbergan, J, M. (1994) ‘The influence of temperature on diet in Great Tit’. Journal of Avian Biology 25(4), 261-267 Margriet, S. (1999) ‘Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects’. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58(04), 791-798.

Hamlet And The Theories Of Tragedy

Hamlet And The Theories Of Tragedy Shakespeares Hamlet includes various theories and elements of tragedy, of which two will be discussed in this essay. Shakespeare addresses Aristotles theory of tragedy, but he challenges the theory in many aspects through setting, plot, and character. Shakespeare seems to heavily incorporate the wheel of fortune theory of tragedy, mostly through the character Hamlet. Aristotle, who is concerned with formal presentation of tragic plays, defines tragedy as: a representation of an action that is worth serious attention, complete in itself, and of some amplitude; in language enriched by a variety of artistic devices appropriate to the several parts of the play; presented in the form of action, not narration; by means of pity and fear bringing about the purgation of such emotion. (Aristotle 38 9) Shakespeare employs character and plot in order to create an atmosphere that is unsettling and dark, which instead of conjuring fear and pity instead sets up an atmosphere rank with revenge. In this way, Hamlet does not follow Aristotles definition of tragedy. Another of the ways Aristotle characterizes tragedy is through The noble actions and the doings of noble persons (Aristotle 35). According to Aristotle, Hamlet should be a noble person committing noble actions. This is best represented in the scene where Hamlet refuses to kill Claudius during prayer. T his becomes the turning point for Hamlet, where he truly becomes an ignoble person, saying he wants Claudius Soul may be damned and black/ As hell, whereto it goes. Hamlet truly wants Claudius to suffer in the worst possible manner, and in doing so Hamlet falls from nobility. Aristotle also believed heroes are First and foremost good (Aristotle 51). Hamlet does contemplate good and evil frequently, but ultimately Hamlet fall from the path of goodness. Fortinbras may have been the kind of hero Aristotle characterizes, but Fortinbras is not a tragic character. The plot events with which Aristotle disagrees give meaning to Hamlets theme. Shakespeare intentionally portrays many characters unheroic. For example, Hamlet does not treat Ophelia well, but at the same time Ophelias unwavering loyalty to her father causes her to treat Hamlet badly. Both characters invoke disgust from the reader from their ignoble actions. The only characters who act somewhat heroic are Horatio and Fortinbras. Interestingly, these are the only two characters who survive, so Shakespeare may be making some kind of commentary on Aristotles tragic hero. Another theory of tragedy has to do with the wheel of fortune. This kind of Tragedy was perceived as a reversal of fortune, a fall from a high position. This view of tragedy derives from the Medieval concept of fortune, which was personified as Dame Fortune, a blindfolded woman who turned a wheel at whim; men were stationed at various places on the wheelthe top of the wheel represented the best fortune, being under the wheel the worst fortune. However, the wheel could turn suddenly and the man on top could suddenly be under the wheel, without warning. (Landmarks of Literature) There are many instances where Shakespeare incorporates these elements of tragedy into Hamlet. At the beginning of the play, Horatio cries out to the Ghost, Speak to me: If thou art privy to thy countrys fate, / Which, happily, foreknowing may avoid, / O, speak! Horatios outburst suggests that fate isnt inevitable, but earlier Horatio indicates that the Ghost is a bad omen, just like in Rome before the mightiest Julius fell and the graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead/ Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets. Horatios conception of fate embodies the fate of the the entire country, not the individual. In response to a comment about how mens faults can ruin reputations, Hamlet responds by saying, Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect/ Being natures livery or fortunes star/ Their virtues else- be they pure as grace/ As infinite as man may undergo/ Shall in the general censure take corruption/ From that particular fault. Hamlet establishes his view of fate and bad character with this claim; he thinks you are either born with bad qualities or you acquire them through the environment (through no device of your own), but its not something that a person is in control of; rather it is something that simply happens to a person, and there is no way to avoid it. Later in this scene Hamlet exclaims, My fate cries out, / And makes each petty artery in this body / As hardy as the Nemean lions nerve. Hamlet believes it is his fate to follow the ghost, and because it is his fate he is given the strength and vigor with which to do it. Hamlet asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern how they are, and Guildenstern answers, Happy, in that we are not over-happy, on fortunes cap we are not the very button. This is a joke that implies that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz live in Fortunes privates; This joke implies that Fortune is a whore. Later in the same scene, the idea that Fortune is a whore comes up again in a more serious tone. During a play, Hamlet asks the First Player to recite the piece of the death of Priam. Afterwards, the player comments: Out, out, thou strumpet, Fortune! All you gods, In general synod take away her power; Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel, And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven, As low as to the fiends! (2.2.493-497) The player is asking the gods to break Fortunes wheel and roll her down to hell. The idea is that our destinies are merely random, when people try to climb on top of the wheel it may simply move and the person on top becomes the one being crushed by the wheel. The First Players speech calls for a fate ruled by something other than Fortune. Hamlets third soliloquy suggests that fortune is simply out to hurt you and questioning whether it is even worth it to challenge the wheel of fortune: To be, or not to be: that is the question: / Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them? Before the play The Murder of Gonzago, Hamlet stands alone with Horatio and commends him as A man that Fortunes buffets and rewards / Hast taen with equal thanks. Hamlet goes on to praise Horatio for not becoming a pipe for Fortunes finger to play; Hamlet appears envious of Horatio, praising him for a quality that Hamlet himself lacks. Hamlet sees himself as passions slave, a person who cannot maintain a stable identity or sense of self. In The Murder of Gonzago the Player King tells his wife that he hopes when he dies she will find a good man and remarry. The wife promises vehemently she will not find another husband after his death, to which the king responds: This world is not for aye, nor tis not strange / That even our loves should with our fortunes change. The king points out that a man who has been favored by fortune could just as easily lose his fortune, and with it his friends, money, wife, etc. The king doesnt address it as though it is something to be deplored, but simply the way of life and something that needs to be accepted, because Our wills and fates do so contrary run / That our devices still are overthrown; / Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own. In the end, the king is right, and the wife quickly remarries after the kings death. After Polonius has been stabbed, Hamlet says to the body, take thy fortune; / Thou findst to be too busy is some danger. Hamlet believes Polonius fortune was not simply bad luck; Hamlet believes Polonius brought his own bad luck upon himself and had earned his own death. Later in the same scene, Hamlet says, For this same lord, / I do repent: but heaven hath pleased it so, / To punish me with this and this with me, / That I must be their scourge and minister. According to this view of things, Polonius death is not an accident at all, but part of a divine plan. In the last scene of the play, Hamlet writes to Horatio about how he found his own death warrant. Hamlet said he was sneaking around and told Horatio, let us know, / Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well, / When our deep plots do pall: and that should teach us / Theres a divinity that shapes our ends, / Rough-hew them how we will. Hamlet suggests that even though something may look random it could be part of a plan that will turn out for the better. Then, later, Hamlet repeats the concept; Horatio asks how Hamlet could have possibly sealed a new warrant with the kings seal. Hamlet replies, Why, even in that was heaven ordinant and explains that Hamlet had his fathers signet by chance and used it to make the seal. Even later in the scene, right before the final fencing duel, Hamlet says that everything is ill in his heart. He doesnt hint that this feeling is prophetic of his own death in any way, but when Horatio offers to call off the fencing match, Hamlet speaks as though he kno ws hes about to die: Not a whit, we defy augury: theres a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what ist to leave betimes? Let be. In another view of this revenge tragedy, Hamlet is the player of a Senecan tragedy. He is involved in a sensational murder scene, commanded by a Senecan ghost desiring revenge, and after hampered by court intrigue, resorts to feigned madness. Since apparitions are known to tell half-truths to deceive people, Hamlet is given instruction without a resolute plan. For majority of the play, he acts with passion and indecision and he proceeds with the ghosts wishes as his adversary allows. And, for the most part, only Claudius, Hamlet, and Horatio know the action of revenge. (Landmarks of Literature) Word Count: 1837

Japans Economic Development and Times of Instability

Japans Economic Development and Times of Instability Japan Economic status Japan’s possibility of controlling the 2011’s Disaster The enormous tremor and tidal wave that struck Japan in March 2011, and the accompanying arrival of radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi atomic force station, speak to one of the best catastrophes to strike the country of Japan in late memory (Bacon, 2014). Canadian media differ on some degree that it was conceivable to control the catastrophe however on my perspective I see Japan had done everything conceivable to keep it from happening. This is as per the way I will clarify underneath. Planning to react to, and relieve the effect of, debacles and conveying help amid and after the occurrence include the readiness and reaction part of managing fiascos. The country of Japan sorted out a huge, fast reaction. Official interchanges that adequately recognize dangers to the general population relieve catastrophes by advancing measures and practices that stay away from, minimize, get ready for, or react to dangers. For such hazard correspondence to be successful it should justifiable, believable, and significant. Japan depended intensely on formal early cautioning frameworks, departure arranges, and alarms to farthest point death toll. As noted, Japan has a far reaching cautioning framework for fiascos like seismic tremors. The administration additionally utilized an assortment of mediums from conventional cautioning sirens to social networking instruments, for example, Twitter Different countries, global associations, non-legislative offices, and outside donors and volunteers routinely offer guide and support in the wake of fiascos. In any case, it is less regular for the most created and well off countries to oblige or demand outside guide. The administration of Japan has a blendsed record in applying remote guide. Role of OPEC on Japan’s Economy Association of the Petroleum Exporting Countries a changeless, universal association headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was created in Baghdad, Iraq on 10–14 September 1960. Its command is to organize and bring together the petroleum approaches of its individuals and to guarantee the adjustment of oil markets to secure an effective, monetary and general supply of petroleum to shoppers, an enduring wage to makers, and a reasonable profit for capital for those putting resources into the petroleum business. It has influenced Japans economy in the accompanying ways. The high and rising cost of oil weights on Japan in two ways. First and foremost, it brings down the way of life underneath what it would some way or another be. Second, it influences the economy in ways that are troublesome for policymakers to oversee. from one viewpoint, the rising oil value goads general expansion. on the other, it discourages local interest and vocation. Policymakers normally dont completely counterbalance the impact on job on the grounds that they all the while attempt to hold down the rate of expansion (Tanimoto, 2006) .Price levels in the Japan rise more with oil cost increments than do value levels in other modern oil-importing nations. The Japan Consumer Price Index rises more than shopper cost lists in different nations primarily in light of the fact that vitality masses bigger in Japan. utilization. The GNP deflator, regularly counseled as a more extensive measure of value execution, likewise rises more in the Japan than in different nations. The deflator measures the cost of locally created yield ; its increment reflects bigger Japan. household oil generation in respect to aggregate GNP an outcome of more prominent Japan. vitality independence. Hence, an ascent in salary and oil utilization will expand Japan oil import volume by a generally bigger rate than it will that of other significant oil-importing nations. Lexus a Legend and not a myth Most incredible autos attained to their status because of one of a kind thoughts, unique configuration, character (whatever may that be) or bliss they convey to their proprietors and drivers. Things being what they are, is it even feasible for a businesslike, coldly proficient and for the most part subsidiary auto to turn into a legend? At the point when the first Lexus, called LS400, was presented in 1989, it unquestionably wasnt the most unique auto available. Truth be told, it not just looked a ton like a W126 Mercedes S-class of the time, it was even named comparably (uproot the L and the auto would fit directly into the naming framework Mercedes began utilizing a couple of years after the fact). Furthermore, it was no occurrence – the LS400 was a consequence of Toyota metals choice to move their business upmarket (Dawson, 2011). A valid example, the 1990 LS400 you can see on pictures here. I obtained it from my companion and kindred motoring writer, who purchased it after he drove it in no holds barred correlation test with another LS600h, and figured out the old one is not just more agreeable than the present one, and even feels more strong.. For one, the thing feels a great deal more cutting edge than any quarter-an exceptionally old auto has any privilege to be. From the cool lit up instrument group with recessed nitwit lights, making an interesting three-dimensional impact like something from Star Trek, to the very much suppressed and exceptionally complex sound of the four-cam, four-liter V8 giving 250 pull. So its actual Lexus is a Legend. Another brand that tackled the greatest names in the business, and hit the nail on the head surprisingly. Furthermore, even after quarter of a century, a standout amongst the most agreeable autos, ever. Recommendation on Japan’s Millitary SHINZO ABE, Japans head administrator, came back to power in 2012 promising to switch a long haul fall in military spending. He has kept that promise. On August 29th the nations resistance service put in a record spending plan solicitation of 5.5 trillion yen ($53 billion), for one year from now, up 3.5% from FY2014. On the off chance that acknowledged by the Diet, it will be the third continuous ascent in spending, compensating for 10 years of decay. The militarys shopping rundown incorporates three automatons, 20 observation flying machine, six F-35 stealth warriors, a submarine and cash for area to manufacture another army installation on a remote island. These buys ought to trigger no alerts, demands Itsunori Onodera, Japans resistance priest (imagined). They are, he says, only about upkeep of Japans protection. China is, obviously, prone to see the overdo it in an unexpected way. A significant part of the resistance assemble up is gone for preventing an assault on Japans far-flung south-east, site of a strained standoff with China over the Senkaku islands (known in China, which asserts them, as the Diaoyu). Japans most recent resistance white paper again refers to perilous exercises by Chinese boats and air ship, which have organized a series of invasions into the oceans around the islands in a high-hazard offer to drive Japan to the arranging table. The planets second biggest economy has turned into an inexorably advanced and independent military force, says Narushige Michishita, a security master in Tokyo. More military spending may not be sufficient to check this advancement, he says. We may need to think of the Asian rendition of NATO; inexactly characterized, approximately arranged†¦ and barring China. Will the Japanese economic bubble burst by 2020? The Japanese resource value air pocket was a financial rise in Japan from 1986 to 1991 in which land and securities exchange costs were extraordinarily swelled .The air pocket scene was portrayed by quick speeding up of benefit costs and overheated monetary action, and an uncontrolled cash supply and credit development More particularly, arrogance and hypothesis with respect to resource and stock costs has been nearly connected with over the top fiscal facilitating arrangement around then. The 1964 Tokyo Olympics put Japan on the guide universally, gave the nation the self-assurance to turn into a worldwide monetary and social power, kickstarting 3 many years of marvelous development. When 2020 comes around (Mansharani, 2011), 56 years will have gone by and Japan will be pretty much 3 decades past its financial crest. Where can Japan get to in the following 7 years and what does this mean for organizations and brand in Japan? A significant part of the universal response to Tokyo being named as host city for the 2020 Olympics has given the news a role as an appreciated fillip to a slow economy and desolated national mind. Those of us who experience life in Japan direct have ended up usual to the differentiation between the truth on the ground and the Japan-on-the-ropes story delineated by universal news channels, thus we see the 2020 Games comes about through a marginally diverse lens. So it is against this background that Japan acknowledges the honor of facilitating the 2020 Games, remunerated for being the financial and social safe pair of hands that the Tokyo offer effectively proposed to the IOC board. It is no big surprise Prime Minister Abe portrayed the outcome as a larger number of cheerful than his 2012 decision result. Olympics gives the inspiration to the infrastructural venture program that is as of now at the heart of Abenomics, yet all the more essentially fills the ideological void in Japanese governmental issues, and can unite the country around a typical subject that is worldwide in stand. References Bacon, P. (2014). Human Security and Japans Triple Disaster: Responding to the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear crisis (Routledge Humanitarian Studies) . London: Routeledge. Dawson, C. (2011). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. New Jersey: Wiley. Mansharani, V. (2011). Boombustology: Spotting Financial Bubbles Before They Burst . New Jersey: Wiley. Tanimoto, M. (2006). The Role of Tradition in Japans Industrialization: Another Path to Industrialization (Japanese Studies in Economic and Social History Series. London: Oxford University press.

Genetic Engineering and Developing Countries Essays -- Biotechnology S

The genetic engineering of foods has been the subject of much controversy since its first appearance in the mid 1980’s. As scientists began to learn more about genetically engineered foods and the benefits of such foods, their potential also began to be realized. Developing countries, because of poor nutrition, would benefit the most from modified foods. Millions of people in developing countries die each year form lack of nutrition and hundreds of thousands go blind. Overpopulation is another problem facing developing countries and without food and nutrients survival will be tough. Alternately, there exist genetically modified foods, which can supply these poor nations with the proper nutrients and agricultural knowledge to prevent any nutritional and overpopulation problems from occurring. Many benefits can come from genetically engineered foods on top of aiding developing countries. Humans need to get over the fear f genetically engineered foods and start to utilize biot echnology in everyday life. One suggested use of genetically engineered foods would be to aid developing countries that are struggling because of a lack of proper nutrients in their diets and overpopulation. A shocking statistic is that over 13% of the worlds population does not receive enough nutrients to prevent malnutrition and vitamin A deficiencies. Another horrifying statistic is that by the year 2020 the world population will exceed 7.5 billion people with 98% of the increase coming from less developed countries (Mary Arends-Kuenning and Flora Makundi â€Å"Agricultural biotechnology†). Supplying enough food to not only feed the growing number of people but to also provide tem with enough nutrients might seem impossible, but with the use of genetic en... ...esistant genes, scientists can enable farmers to flourish on land considered to be not farmable. Humans need to embrace biotechnology in order to secure their future. By implementing this policy an effort will be made to ensure that all future food and nutrition needs will be met. Also, healthier, faster growing foods will benefit, not only less developed countries, but also the developed world. This technology has not yet been introduced to most crops but hundreds of millions of people need this technology now and can no longer wait for regulations and speculations. As Neal C. Stewart et. al. state, â€Å"the key is to determine the importance of the risks as weighed against the benefits†(836). Undeniably, the benefits certainly outweigh the risks. Humans must not fear genetics and must also embrace this technology, which is the future of all food production.

Essay --

Nirav Patel MGMT 390 Final Exam December 18, 2012 1.) Why is the human resources department an important function in any company? What other things do human resources professionals have responsibility for besides managing employee health benefit programs? Give at least 3 other things that they oversee inside a company. a. Human resources department is an important function in any company because people from human resources hire the people in the first place, and this is the one duty they have to do carefully because hiring the hiring an employee for a job is not an easy task. It includes so many other tasks into it such as, hiring them, then evaluating them, making their schedule and so on. Their responsibility includes hiring the perfect employees, responding to employee’s major demands, and to use these employees to finish their goals. These are their major responsibilities. 3 things they oversee inside a company are their employees, complaints, and achievement of the company goals. 2.) Some people have said that an effective marketing strategy makes a buyer feel as if they want to buy a product rather than being sold on a product or idea. What types of things do good marketing managers do to make buyers feel that they want to buy a certain product or service? a. To make buyers feel that they want to buy a certain product or service, a good marketing manager would use strategies such as selling the product at cheaper price than competitor with no sale. They can also use idea of psychological pricing which means that the manager can set the price of the good at price point to make it less expensive. He/she can use target cost strategy, which means you set the price which satisfies customers and investor’s profit. Anot... ...nd of currencies. There are 12 Federal Reserve banks in the United States which is why we don’t need 5 or 6 large banks to manage. The federal bank controls the economy of United States by raising/dropping the interest rates. 7.) If someone said to you that all products should be advertised on the Internet and nowhere else would this be a sound concept? Why would people advertise elsewhere with so many people on line anyway? a. If someone said to me that all products should be advertised on the internet and nowhere, it would sound concept because people this days use the internet all the time. Also, these days people even use their internet to watch TV at home. For example, using veetle, jadoo, and other convertor boxes which use the internet to stream videos and TV channels. So if we broadcast advertises using the internet it would help advertisement business.

Thailand: Analysis of the General Insurance Industry

Brochure More information from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/606283/ Thailand Insurance Sector Description: Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia. It ranks midway in the wealth spread in South East Asia and is the 4th richest nation per capita, after Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia. The Thai economy in 2008 is forecasted to grow at 5. 6% (in the forecasted range of 5. 0-6. 0%). This figure is an improvement on 4. 8% growth in the previous year according to Fiscal Policy Office (FPO), Ministry of Finance.In 2008 accelerated public sector spending led to recovery in domestic demand which is expected to be far more balanced economic expansion. Government policy would then be forced to stimulate the domestic economy. This happens when external demand is likely to be softened from possible global economic slowdown. External stability in 2008 will remain strong with current account surplus estimated to be 0. 5% of GDP (in the range of 0. 3-0. 8% of GDP). In contrast, internal stability in 2008 may have some risk with increasing headline inflation at 4. 5% (in a range of 4. 3-4. 8%).This is mainly due to rising energy and food prices in the world markets. According to ‘The Economist’, real GDP growth will slow down by 1. 15% p. a over the next 4 years (2008-12), as compared to 5. 3% p. a in past 3 years since 2007. This sluggishness of GDP can be attributed to various negative factors, such as political uncertainty, instability of foreign exchange rates, and continuous high petroleum prices in 2006. The Thai insurance industry, along with the wider Thai economy, has now however recovered from the depths of the Asian financial crisis and is experiencing noteworthy growth.The trend is expected to continue as public awareness of the need for insurance increases. Market Performance and Forecast Within a span of 7 years (2000 – 2007), Thai Insurance Sector has experienced a growth of 191% currently valuated at $9,434. 72 million. The Knowledge Centre predicts, the overall market size will increase by 72. 5% further and is expected to touch the highs of $13,012. 75 million by 2011. The life insurance market in Thailand between 2000 and 2007 increased at a CAGR of 16. 57%. The Knowledge Centre envisages that this trend would continue and the market will see CAGR of 5. 5% in 5 years and reach $8,306. 21 million in 2011. The non-life insurance market in Thailand between 2000 and 2007 increased at a CAGR of 10. 73%. The Knowledge Centre also forecasts that the growth will continue and the market will see CAGR of 8. 34% in the next 5 years with the premiums reaching $4,706 million by 2011. Competitive Landscape Some of the top foreign insurance companies in Thailand are ACE, AIG, Allianz, AXA, Generali, ING, Millea Holdings, Manulife, New York Life and Prudential (UK).The market is dominated by AIA, the local name of AIG that accounted for approx. 29% of all of gross premiums in 2007. Thai Life (TLI) is considered to be the second largest player overall with a market share of approx. 14%. The next largest group is considered to be a joint venture between non-life insurer Ayudhya, local conglomerate Charoen Pokphand and Allianz (AACP) with a market share of approx. 14%. Other major players in this market are Ocean Life, Finansa, local associates of AXA (Krungthai) and ING.Non-life insurance sector in Thailand is further sub-categorized under Fire, Marine & Transportation, Hull, Cargo, Automobile, Compulsory, Voluntary, Miscellaneous, Industrial All Risks, Public Liability, Engineering Insurance, Aviation Insurance, Personal Accident, Health Insurance, Crop Insurance and Other Insurance. Some of the top companies in this sector are Bangkok Insurance, Dhipaya Insurance, Phatra Insurance, New Hampshire Insurance, Ayudhya Insurance, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance, MSIG Insurance, Sri Muang Insurance, Siam Commercial Samaggi, South East Insurance, Viriyah Insurance, Synmunkong I nsurance, Krungthai Panich etc.Driving factors – Balanced economic expansion and supporting role of the government – Recent reforms and government’s regulatory initiatives – Re-defined financial practices and strengthening of corporate governance Relaxation of restrictions on directors and senior executives of insurance companies Amendment of clauses governing the evaluation of assets & debts of a life insurance company Merger or consolidation of the large number of local insurers Middle income industrial developing nation Growing interest in Bancassurance Adoption of THBFix and Bibor Establishment of Insurance CommissionMajor trends, issues and opportunities – Mergers and acquisitions in Thailand's insurance industry are likely to drop off – Thailand's economy is slowing as the effects of high oil prices, rising interest rates and longrunning political uncertainty take their toll. – Political uncertainty and instability of foreign ex change rates – Bullish trend in fixed deposit rates – Government regulations laying a strong foundation for future growth – Increase in foreign ownership limits – Move towards a knowledge economy through skills development – Issues in Health Insurance Systems Topics covered in the report Thai economy, its performance, future outlook for 2008-09 – Government’s economic policies, macroeconomic factors, trends and analysis – Economic and Insurance environment in Thailand – Market performance and forecast for Thai Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 and 2011 – Market performance and forecast for Thai Life Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 & 2011 – Market performance and forecast for Thai Non-Life Insurance Sector between 2000, 2007 & 2011 – Recent reorganization of financial institutions and setting up of Insurance Commission – Corporate Finance Legislation and other major regulatory development s – Role of Bancassurance Specific regulations and norms by the Thai Government for insurance sector. – Sub-categorization of life and non-life insurance sector – Competitive landscape & market share of companies in life and non-life insurance sector – Company profiles of top players in life and non-life insurance sector Contents: 1. THAILAND 1. 1. THAI ECONOMY 1. 2. GOVERNMENT POLICIES 2. THAI INSURANCE SECTOR 2. 1. MARKET OVERVIEW 2. 2. MARKET PERFORMANCE & FORECAST 2. 2. 1. Thailand Insurance Market 2. 2. 1. 1. Thailand – Life Insurance Market 2. 2. 1. 2. Thailand – Non-Life Market 2. 3. DRIVING FACTORS 2. 3. 1.Recent Reforms 2. 3. 2. M&A or transfer of the business of an Insurance Company 2. 3. 3. Thai Corporate Finance Legislation 2. 3. 4. Role of Bancassurance 2. 3. 5. Recent Regulatory Developments 2. 3. 6. Insurance Commission replaced Department of Insurance 2. 4. TRENDS, ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES – AN ANALYSIS 2. 4. 1. Insura nce M&A likely to drop 2. 4. 2. Pending Legislations 2. 4. 3. Implications for Foreign Insurers 2. 4. 4. Skills development remains a key 2. 4. 5. Issues in Health Insurance Systems in Thailand 2. 5. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 2. 6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 2. 6. 1. Life Insurance 2. 6. 1. 1.Life Insurance Renewal Market 2. 6. 1. 2. Single Premium Market 2. 6. 2. Non-Life Insurance Market 2. 6. 2. 1. Fire Insurance Market 2. 6. 2. 2. Marine and Transportation Market 2. 6. 2. 3. Cargo & Hull Market 2. 6. 2. 4. Automobile Sector 2. 6. 2. 5. Miscellaneous Insurance 2. 6. 2. 6. Industrial All Risks Insurance 2. 6. 2. 7. Public Liability Insurance 2. 6. 2. 8. Engineering Insurance 2. 6. 2. 9. Aviation Insurance 2. 6. 2. 10. Health Insurance 2. 6. 2. 11. Personal Accident Insurance 2. 6. 2. 12. Other Insurance 2. 6. 3. Company Profiles 2. 6. 3. 1. American International Assurance company (AIA), Thailand 2. . 3. 2. ACE INA Overseas Insurance Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 3. Ayudhya Insurance Public Co mpany Limited 2. 6. 3. 4. Ayudhya Allianz C. P. Life Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 5. Bangkok Insurance Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 6. Bangkok Union Insurance 2. 6. 3. 7. Charan Insurance 2. 6. 3. 8. Deves Insurance 2. 6. 3. 9. ING Life Limited 2. 6. 3. 10. Indara Insurance 2. 6. 3. 11. Manulife Insurance (Thailand) Public Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 12. MSIG Insurance 2. 6. 3. 13. QBE Insurance (Thailand) Company Limited 2. 6. 3. 14. Sri Muang Insurance 2. 6. 3. 15. The Viriyah Insurance Co. , Ltd. List of TablesTable 1: Macroeconomic Trends: Population (mil. ) vs. Nominal GDP ($ bil. ) – 2002-2011f Table 2: Macroeconomic Trends: GDP per capital ($ bil. ) vs. Real GDP Growth (%) – 2003-2011f Table 3: Growth Trends: Inflation (2002-2008f) Table 4: Key Economic Indicators Forecast – 2007-2012f Table 5: Growth Trend Comparison: GDP Growth vs. Insurance Growth (%) – 2000-2011 Table 6: Thailand Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 7: Thailand Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 8 : Insurance Density: Premiums Per Capita in USD Table 9: Insurance Premium in % of GDP (2001-2011f)Table 10: Growth Trend of Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance ($Million): 2000-2011f Table 11: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 12: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 13: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Table 14: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Table 15: Thailand Insurance Sector: Projections of Macroeconomic Drivers (2006-2010f) Table 16: Market Share of Top Players in Life Insurance Sector: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (Million Baht) and their Growth (%)Table 17: Life Insurance Total Premium Growth Year on Year by Company 2006-2007 (%) Table 18: Life Insurance Market Growth by First Year Premium of Top Companies: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (mn Baht) Table 19: Life Insuran ce Market Growth by First Year Premium of Top Companies: Comparison between 2006 & 2007 (%) Table 20: Life Insurance Premium Renewal (million Baht) and Growth (%) Year on Year for Top Companies (2006-2007)Table 21: Life Insurance Renewal Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (mn Baht) Table 22: Life Insurance Single Premium Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (mn Baht & % growth) Table 23: Loss Ratio of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007) Table 24: Marine and Transportation Companies: Markey Share by Direct Premium (Unit: 1,000 Baht) Table 25: Automobile Insurance Top companies by Direct Premium (2007) Table 26: – 2007 Table 27: 007 Table 28: 2007 Table 29: 2007 Table 30: Table 31: Table 32: Table 33: Top Miscellaneous Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) Top Industrial All Risk Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – Top Public Liability Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – T op Engineering Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – Top Top Top TopAviation Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Health Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Personal Accident Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 Other Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium – 2007 List of Charts Chart 1: Macroeconomic Trends: Population (mil. ) vs. Nominal GDP ($ bil. ) – 2002-2011f Chart 2: Macroeconomic Trends: GDP per capital ($ bil. ) vs.Real GDP Growth (%) – 2003-2011f Chart 3: Growth Trends: Inflation (2002-2008f) Chart 4: Key Economic Indicators Forecast (2007-2012f) Chart 5: Growth Trend Comparison: GDP Growth vs. Insurance Growth (%) – 2000-2011f Chart 6: Thailand Insurance Market Value ($billion): 2000-2007 Chart 7: Thailand Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 8: Insurance Density: Prem iums Per Capita in USD Chart 9: Insurance Premium in % of GDP (2001-2011f) Chart 10: Thailand Insurance Market: Segment Share 2007Chart 11: Growth Trend of Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance ($Million): 2000-2011f Chart 12: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Chart 13: Thailand Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 14: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value ($million): 2000-2007 Chart 15: Thailand Non-Life Insurance Market Value Forecast ($million): 2007-2011f Chart 16: Market Segmentation of Non-Life Insurance (%): 2007 Chart 17: Market Segmentation of Non-Life Companies by Ownership 2007 (%) Chart 18: Comparison of Direct Premiums of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007 & 2006) Chart 19: Direct Premium per Insurance Policy for 2007-2006 (Baht) Chart 20: Comparison of Sum Insured Per Premium of Non – Life Insurance Business Segments (2007 & 2006) Chart 21: Loss Ratio of Non – Life Insurance Business (2007) Chart 22: Market Share of Top Life Insurance Companies by Total Premium in 2007 (%) Chart 23: Life Insurance First Year Premium Market Segment in 2007 by Top Companies(%) Chart 24: Life Insurance Premium Renewal (million Baht) and Growth (%) Year on Year for Top Companies (2006-2007)Chart 25: Life Insurance Renewal Market Share of Top Companies in 2007 (%) Chart 26: Single Insurance Premium Company Segmentation 2007 Chart 27: Fire Insurance Companies – Market Share (%): 2007 Chart 28: Marine & Transport Insurance Segment Share (%): 2007 Chart 29: Cargo and Hull Market: Direct Premium Share (%) in 2006-2007 Chart 30: Marine and Transportation Companies: Markey Share by Direct Premium (Unit: 1,000 Baht) Chart 31: Market Share of Automobile Insurance Sub Sector 2007 Chart 32: Automobile Insurance Top Companies – Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 33: Market Share of Miscellaneous Non-Life Sector (%) – 2007 Chart 34: Top Miscellaneous Non-Life In surance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 35: Top Industrial All Risk Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 36: Top Public Liability Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 37: Top Engineering Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007Chart 38: Top Aviation Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 39: Top Health Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 40: Top Personal Accident Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Chart 41: Top Other Non-Life Insurance Companies: Market Share by Direct Premium (%) – 2007 Authors: Jasvita Anand, Akash Rakyan & Nishith Srivastava Ordering: Order Online – http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/606283/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. 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Native American Boarding Schools

An Indian boarding school refers to one of many schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th century to educate Native American youths according to Euro-American standards. These schools were primarily run by missionaries. These often proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity and denied the right to practice their native religions, and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Native American identities and adopt European-American culture and the English language. There were many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuse occurring at these schools. In the late eighteenth century, reformers starting with Washington and Knox, in efforts to â€Å"civilize† or otherwise assimilate Native Americans (as opposed to relegating them to reservations), adopted the practice of educating native children in modern American culture. The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 promoted this civilization policy by providing funding to societies (mostly religious) who worked on Native American improvement. Attendance in Indian boarding schools generally grew throughout the first half of the 20th century and doubled in the 1960s. Enrollment reached its highest point in the 1970s. In 1973, 60,000 American Indian children are estimated to have been enrolled in an Indian boarding school. Several events in the late 1960s and mid-1970s (Kennedy Report, National Study of American Indian Education, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975) led to more emphasis on community schools. Many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2007, 9,500 American Indian children lived in an Indian boarding school dormitory. This includes 45 on-reservation boarding schools, 7 off-reservation boarding schools and 14 peripheral dormitories. From 1879 to the present day, hundreds of thousands of American Indians are estimated to have attended an Indian boarding school. Native American children were often separated from their families and people when they were sent or sometimes taken to boarding schools off the reservations. These schools ranged from those like the federal Carlisle boarding School, to schools sponsored by religious organizations to some created by non-profits such as the founding of an Indian school in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1769. In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, the Carlisle curriculum constituted of vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls, including chores around the school and producing goods for market. In the summer students were often outsourced to local farms and townspeople to continue their immersion and provide labor at low cost. Carlisle and its curriculum would become the model for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and by 1902 there were twenty-five federally funded non-reservation schools across fifteen states and territories with a of over 6,000. Although federal legislation made education compulsory for Native Americans, removing students from reservations required parent authorization, although coercion and even violence were often used to secure the preset quota of students from any given reservation. Once the new students arrived at the boarding schools, life altered drastically. They were given new haircuts, uniforms, and even new English names, sometimes based on their own, other times assigned at random. They could no longer speak their own languages, even between each other, and they were expected to convert to Christianity. Life was run by the strict orders of their teachers, and it often included grueling chores and stiff punishments.