CorruptionDefoe's capitalist views and his moral purpose in Roxana Essay

CorruptionDefoe's industrialist perspectives and his ethical reason in Roxana - Essay Example Robinson Crusoe broadened the type of the picaresque and transformed an undertaking story into an investigate of expansionism. Moll Flanders did likewise with the class of 'women of honor'. Roxana correspondingly has come to be acknowledged as an investigate of early private enterprise - a period in English history when the modern upset was at this point not a material reality but rather a dreadful animal whose pulls on profound quality, class and social foundation were as a rule covertly felt. Defoe takes an old world ethical quality story about a lady's grappling with her own calling as a prostitute and transforms it into a contemporary story about private enterprise's way of thinking of self-magnification and saleability of oneself. All things considered Defoe will appear to be prophetic in his constitution of the plot about Roxana's willing acknowledgment of her calling and how she promptly consents to 'underwrite' it when she knows her ethical debasement is irreversible. In medieval ethical quality plays, Roxana's acceptable self would have been spared by a generous god who in a climactic second would recover her from wretchedness. In any case, in Defoe's reality rising private enterprise beats frivolling profound quality and what might have been a fallen life before turns into an existence of chances for Roxana. No big surprise Roxana is called Defoe's 'darkest' novel and that clarifies the horde of basic and insightful consideration that it has gotten. The term 'dim' is anything but a common word and henceforth loads the novel with a given ethical quality and shrewdness. By such methods it is anything but difficult to give a customary, women's activist system for Roxana and transform it into an ordinary male creator's delineation of a strong lady, a lot in charge of her sexuality and consequently excessively clearly helpless to moral ghastliness and inevitable fall. In any case, at another level Roxana is a counterfeit story about private enterprise, debasement and individual undertaking. As the novel continues, we see Roxana triumphant, outmaneuvering the guys in her life and by utilizing them to accomplish her own motivations. Afterward, she apparently is felled again and returns to her past status of wretchedness and defenselessness. At one level if this is her discipline for living against the ethical gauges of the general public and the dream of a protestant moralist, at another level it is a study of the

History of Chechnya essays

History of Chechnya papers Generally the individuals of Chechnya invited insurgency of the tsar in the February 1917. The Union of the People of Caucasus including Chechens was established that spring. The Chechen society trusted this association would furnish national restoration with new foundations under nearby standard. The Highlanders invited the Bolshevik trademarks of individual opportunity, opportunity of confidence, uniformity, land for ranchers and the allowing of the appropriate for self-assurance to the abused individuals and even severance. Start of Soviet standard in Chechnya Bolsheviks comprehended national and social issues as a piece of the common class battle. Chechens got an extreme system outsider to their conventions of social and monetary framework rather than the guaranteed opportunity, balance, land, freedom, regard to national customs and religion. A technique for partition and rule was applied by the Bolsheviks which thus began competition between different ethnic and strict gatherings of the highlanders society. The threatening towns were leveled to ground by mounted guns assaults and the individuals left were either executed or ousted. The Bolsheviks powers all the more effectively build up lawfulness in huge the urban areas of Chechnya anyway they experienced issues controlling the mountain locales. Socialists coordinated Ingushs against Chechens, Chechen highlanders against lowlanders. Simultaneously local Communists who delighted in power among individuals were selected to driving posts in the gathering and the administration. Under the weight of the focal party pioneers the presentation of the Soviet style of life had been ventured up in Chechnya. Stalinist suppression during the 1930s During the start of Stalins rule a huge military activity was completed in Chechnya in to incapacitate the self-sufficient locale of Chechnya and catch the pioneers of counter-upset. An official report said that 333 agitators were slaughtered and another 150 harmed during the uprising. ... <!

Understanding the Feelings of a Cocaine High

Understanding the Feelings of a Cocaine High Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Print Understanding the Feelings of a Cocaine High By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 13, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The cocaine high, also known as cocaine intoxication, is one of the most widely recognized cocaine effects among cocaine users. The high is often the main reason for taking cocaine. This is true for people who are experimenting with cocaine use, are occasional cocaine users, binge cocaine users, and people in the early stages of cocaine addiction. But social cocaine use is also quite common. The cocaine high involves psychological changes, which are changes to how the person thinks and feels emotionally, as well as physical changes. Some of these changes are caused by the effects of cocaine on the brain and nervous system,?? and some are due to personal feelings that the cocaine user brings to the experience. This is why, although there are similarities among cocaine users experiences of the cocaine high, the effect cocaine has on each person is different. So although aspects of cocaine intoxication are common among cocaine users, they may experience some, but not all, of these cocaine effects. Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018. Euphoria The main cocaine high effect that cocaine users want to experience is a special kind of intense pleasure called euphoria.?? Cocaine stimulates the brain in the same way that a real accomplishment does, creating a rewarding feeling that is the main reason people who get addicted want to get high on cocaine again and again. Self Confidence While high on cocaine, users can have the illusion of feeling better  than they usually do about themselves,?? to the point of feeling superior to other people. This is sometimes called grandiosity. This effect of the cocaine high can have a particular appeal to people with low self-esteem, or people who are in situations where a greater level of confidence is desirable, such as performers. Unfortunately, this false confidence is an effect of the drug, and not based on any real accomplishment, and grandiosity can be annoying to other people, leading to social problems. Once cocaine users come down from the cocaine high, they may feel even worse about themselves than they did before, setting themselves up for a cycle of using to try to feel better, with each time the effect being increasingly short-lived. Sociability Another tempting cocaine effect is that during cocaine high, users may feel more energetic and sociable, which can make it attractive to people who have social anxieties, shyness, or who lack the energy to go out and do things, particularly if their lethargy stems from depression. When high on cocaine, they may become talkative and gregarious. But on the other hand, getting high on cocaine can sometimes lead to angry outbursts, restlessness, hyperactivity, and anxiety to the point of paranoia.?? It can even result in seeing, hearing or feeling things that arent really there, which is known as perceptual disturbances or hallucinations. When Good Turns to Bad When people take cocaine over a longer period, they can experience the opposite effects during the cocaine high. They can experience a blunting of the emotions, sadness, and withdrawal from other people. This can be particularly frustrating for cocaine users who take cocaine to self-medicate to give themselves more confidence, to socialize, and to feel happier. Self Medication and Addictive Behavior Physical Effects   Being high on cocaine also makes people feel different physically. Physical cocaine effects include a general feeling of stimulation. Cocaine can cause changes to heart rhythm or breathing, sweating, feelings of being very hot or cold, muscle weakness, or nausea. Although some of these physical symptoms of cocaine intoxication can be quite unpleasant, with repeated cocaine use, the brain can start to associate these physical symptoms with the pleasurable feelings of the cocaine high, so as people become addicted to cocaine, they may be surprisingly tolerant of these unpleasant cocaine effects. If cocaine intoxication is taken to the extreme, the experience can be dangerous as well as unpleasant. In particular, there is a risk of heart problems, seizures, and even death. Because cocaine is illegal, there is no way to predict how strong it is going to be, which can lead to cocaine users sometimes taking more than they intended, and the cocaine high taking a turn for the worst. A stronger dose can also increase tolerance, so that next time more of the drug is needed, which is the physical side of the addiction. Alcohol use can exacerbate the effects of the cocaine high, and increased alcohol use is associated with increased cocaine use and cocaine intoxication in users. A Word From Verywell If youre aware of the risks of cocaine use, you may be wondering why anyone would use such a dangerous drug. If you feel peer pressure to try cocaine, you may want to know what your friends arent telling you about cocaine effects. If you know someone who uses cocaine, understanding how the cocaine high feels may help you to approach and communicate effectively with that person. Like any addictive substance, the cocaine high can make someone feel really good, giving them feelings of pleasure, confidence, and energy beyond what they normally experience. But like any addictive substance, it can also have very unpleasant and even harmful short-term and long-term effects. Many cocaine users are reluctant to stop doing something that feels good, even when they know its bad for them. The best way to stay out of that trap of addiction is to avoid drug use altogether. If someone you know has become addicted to cocaine,  investigate  ways to help them. What Does Cocaine Do to the Heart?

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1228 Words

As a society we have always been taught that murder is a crime, so why is it any different when it is a baby? Many unplanned pregnancies occur in the world every year, in fact, â€Å"out of 6.2 million pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially among young woman† (â€Å"Psychological Health Effects†). Not†¦show more content†¦A person can become psychotic and begin to experience hallucinations† (â€Å"Effects of Cocaine†). Daily experience with cocaine can drive the total dosage needed in order of effectiveness to increase majorly, while doing a tremendous amount of damage to the body itself and putting others lives at a very terrifying risk. â€Å"Coming down from the drug causes depression so severe that a person will do almost anything to get the drug- even commit murder† (â€Å"Effects of Cocaine†). Not only are psychological effects highly damaging while at the same time almost promising to the growing (and living) fetus but they can also hu rt the carrier. Knowing that there seems to be almost never ending amounts of psychological effects along with many others, there are also physical effects on abortion. For an example, â€Å"Women face a number of possible physical complications as a result of legal abortion including hemorrhage requiring transfusion, perforation of the uterus, cardiac arrest, endotoxic shock, major unintended surgery, infection resulting in hospitalization, convulsions, undiagnosed ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, cervical laceration, uterine rupture, and death† (Hern.) Although there are many different cases of these physical effects happening throughout every single year, the amount of abortions are still increasing at a very promising high rate. Stated in a general psychology 2000 study, â€Å"Seventeen percent of women participating in a study on the effects of abortionShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been futureRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion723 Words   |  3 Pagescontraception I want to discuss is sterilization. For an idea that is so broadly accepted in private, contraception certainly generates a lot of opposition when discussed in public. Some people think when we talk about contraception that it’s code for abortion. It’s obviously not the same thing. Let’s be honest, people are just uncomfortable with the topic because it’s about sex. And sex talk in this country is kept on the hush even though we are sold sex via advertising left and right. Some people worry

Movie Analysis Do The Right - 1304 Words

The cinema is one of the most unique forms of media because it has the ability to make a fictional story socially powerful. The simplest of elements in a film are able to change how the audience interprets a scene and give it a deeper meaning. In Spike Lee’s 1989 film, Do the Right Thing, many small elements come together to impact individual scenes as a whole. This controversial film illustrates a single day of rising events in a black neighborhood. It shows the frustration of the African-American population in how they are treated and how it triggers their own reactions. The story line comments on other racial stereotypes as well, including Hispanics, Koreans, Italians, and Caucasians. A powerful scene in the film is one involving the character Radio Raheem, a mysteriously quiet black character known in the film to use a more hostile approach for equality. In this scene, he tells the main character Mookie a tale of the personified relationship of love and hate. There are many components of the Love and Hate scene in Do the Right Thing that are important when analyzing the sequence as a whole. One of the most prominent aspects is the camera angle and cinematography. The scene itself is one long take— meaning there are no cuts in the scene which is over a minute and a half. This in itself is significant because it forces the viewer’s attention with no breaks. It shows that Radio Raheem’s story is forward and needs to be listened to without hesitation. His story personifiesShow MoreRelatedDo The Right Thing : Movie Analysis967 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the film Do the Right Thing, we continuously observe racial conflict that builds up to such an extreme point that it leads to a fight for power. This movie portrays the struggles and realities of a neighborhood with white and black African American people. This can be seen in many instances for example when Buggin Out, Radio Raheem, and Smiley march into Sal s and de mand that Sal change the Wall of Fame. Another vital instance shows the height of power struggle. It is when the hugeRead MoreDo The Right Thing - Movie Analysis1689 Words   |  7 PagesSpike Lee’s movie â€Å"Do the Right Thing† portrays a time in American history when the post-civil rights movement was still fresh in everyone’s mind. It is 1989, and Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X have placed their stamp on the country. While MLK preached for peace, Malcom X wanted the people to fight back in self-defense. This movie portrays these two views side by side through several different scenes. The movie is set in the black community of Bedford-Stuyevesant on the hottest day of theRead MoreMovie Analysis : Do The Right Thing 976 Words   |  4 PagesHancong Jiang Identification in the Cinema Draft 4 04.15.2015 Racial identification in Do the Right Thing Do the Right Things begins with the Rosie Perez dancing scene with the music â€Å"fight the power†. The four minutes scene shadows the later plot of the film, in which the continuously changing of the outfits and the intensified movement of the dancer may imply how the tension between different racial identification increases. Both the color and the movements of the dancer have strong visual impactRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Do The Right Thing Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pages Do the Right Thing Cameron Hughes Expository Writing 9/30/2016 Introduction In Spike Lee s Do the Right Thing, the story takes places in 1989, another year in the long struggle for equality for African-Americans. The film portrays the racial tensions between locals of the neighborhood and an Italian-American family in the majority Black and Hispanic neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant (Bed-Stuy) in Brooklyn, New York. Spike Lee shows us what a day in the life of the Brooklyn neighborhoodRead More Analysis of the Spike Lees Movie Do the Right Thing Essay533 Words   |  3 Pages Analysis of the Spike Lees Movie Do the Right Thing For my shot analysis I chose a shot from the Spike Lee Movie Do the Right Thing. This is the second shot following the climactic riot scene. It features Da’ Mayor and Mother Sister reacting to the hellacious events of the previous night. The block was just devastated by a melee that broke out because the police killed Radio Raheem after he and Sal got in an altercation that was triggered by the volume of Radio Raheem’s boom box. Though at aRead MoreArundel Partners Case Analysis Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesspootyhead Apr 17, 2007 Arundel Partners Case Analysis ----------------------------------- Arundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studios entire production during a specifiedRead MoreArundel Partners Case Analysis Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesArundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studios entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundels profitabilityRead MoreSolutions to Arundel Partners Case1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studios entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundels profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundels propos al includes aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Arundel Partners 779 Words   |  4 PagesArundel Partners wants to buy the rights to produce the sequels in advance rather than negotiating on a film-by-film basis because otherwise, the studios will have an informational advantage. Later on in the production process, studios will have a greater idea of the quality of the film, making them less likely to sell the rights to more profitable sequels. Advanced rights to the entire portfolio of films mitigates this informational asymmetry and creates an options-pricing model for Arundel. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of Divergent The Movie 1197 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Divergent The movie Divergent can be interpreted and looked into deeply to discover the missing and hidden features within the film. Throughout the movie, there are many twists and turns. It takes the viewers on a journey. The movie is easy to understand with what is going on, but at times the plot is about mystery. When viewers go to the theater to watch the film, they tend to miss the hidden features of the movie. They only tend to focus on certain points, and by paying greater attention

Knucklehead competitors Free Essays

You may encounter business situations that require using an interpreter (for spoken communication) or a translator (for written communication). Interpreters and translators can be expensive, but skilled professionals provide Invaluable assistance for communicating in other cultural contexts. 60 Keeping up with current language usage in a given country or culture is also critical in order to avoid embarrassing blunders. We will write a custom essay sample on Knucklehead competitors or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, the marketing agency Landlord Associates usually engages three native-language speakers to review translated materials to make sure the ensue of the message is compatible with current usage and slang in a given country. 61 Some companies use back-translation to ensure accuracy. Once a translator encodes a message Into another language, a dif rent translator retranslate the same message into the original language. The is back-translation is then compared with the original message to discover any errors or discrepancies. The e time and cost required for professional translation has encouraged the development of machine translation , any form of computerized intelligence used to translate one language to another. Dedicated soft ware tools and online services such as Worldly ( www. Worldly. Com ) off ere various forms of automated translation. Major search engines let you request translated versions of the websites you FL ND. Although none of these tools can translate as well as human translators, they can be quite useful with individual words and short phrases, and they can oft en give you the overall gist of a message. Everyone can contribute to successful intercultural communication. Whether a younger person Is unaccustomed to the formalities of a large corporation or a league from another country Is working on a team with you, look for opportunities to help people if t in and adapt their communication style. For example, if a nonnative English speaker is making mistakes that could hurt his or her credibility, you can off ere advice on the appropriate words and phrases to use. Most language learners truly appreciate this sort of assistance, as long as it is off red in a respectful manner. Moreover, chances are that while you’re helping, you’ll learn something about the other person’s culture and language, too. You can also take steps to simplify the immunization process. For instance, oral communication in a second language is usually more differ cult than written forms of communication, so instead of asking a foreign colleague to provide information in a conference call, you could ask for a written response instead of or in addition to the live conversation. For a brief summary of ideas to Improve intercultural communication in the workplace, see â€Å"Checklist: Improving Intercultural Communication Skills. † For additional Information on communicating Intercultural Communication: Speaking with Multiple- Language Audiences; Media Skills: Podiatrist [LO-5] , Chapter 7 Your company was one of the FL rest to use podiatrist as a business communication tool. Executives frequently and post them on the company’s intranet site; employees from the 14 off cues in Europe, Asia, and North America then download the FL less to their music players or other devices and listen to the messages while riding the train to work, eating lunch at their desks, and so on. Your boss asks you to draft the opening statement for a potash that will announce a revenue drop caused by intensive competitive pressure. She reviews your script and hands it back with a gentle explanation that it needs to be revised for international listeners. Improve the following statement in as many ways as you can: Howdy, comrades. Shouldn’t surprise anyone that we took a beating this year, given the insane pricing moves our have been making. I mean, how those clowns can keep turning a proof t is beyond me, what with steel costs still going through the roof and labor costs heating up-?even in countries where everybody goes to FL ND cheap labor-?and hazardous waste disposal ergs adding to operating costs, too. How to cite Knucklehead competitors, Papers

Pepsico Essays - Patent Medicines, Frito-Lay, PepsiCo, Cheetos

Pepsico pepsico 1. Introduction: 1 What is PEPSICO? 1 Brief History of PEPSICO 1 Business Segments 1 Frito-Lay 1 Pepsi-Cola Company 2 Tropicana 3 2. Company Analysis: 4 External Analysis 4 PEST Analysis: 4 Porter's Diamond: 5 Five Forces 8 Internal Analysis 9 Porter's Value Chain 9 Boston Consulting Group 12 Financial Analysis 13 SWOT 14 Strength 14 Weakness 14 Opportunities 14 Threats 15 3. Conclusions 15 Marketing 15 General 15 4. Recommendations 16 Bibliography 17 Appendix 17 Appendix I 17 Appendix II 17 Appendix III 17 Appendix IV 17 Appendix V 17 Appendix VI 17 1. Introduction: What is PEPSICO? PepsiCo is one of the most successful beverage and snack food business in the world. The company consist of: Frito Lay Co., Pepsi-Cola Co., and Tropicana Products. Brief History of PEPSICO PepsiCo was funded in 1965 by Donald M. Kendall Pepsi-Cola president, and Herman W. Lay, president of Frito-Lay. Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, N.C. pharmacist, created pepsi-Cola in 1890. Frito-Lay, Inc. was formed by the 1961 merger of the Frito Company, founded by Elmer Doolin in 1932, and the H. W. Lay Company, founded by Herman W. Lay, also in 1932. In 1998 PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products from Seagram Company Ltd. Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. Business Segments Frito-Lay Frito-Lay, Inc was funded in 1961, by merging of The Frito Company and H.W. Lay Company. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 40% of the world, snack chip industry, and 56% of the U.S. industry. Often, Frito-Lay Company products are known by local names (Matutano in Spain, Walkers in the United Kingdom and others.) Major Frito-Lay Company products: - Lay's Potato Chips - Baked Lay's Potato Chips - Ruffles Potato Chips - Doritos Tortilla Chips - Tostitos Tortilla Chips - Baked Tostitos - Santitas Tortilla Chips - Fritos Corn Chips - Cheetos Cheese Flavoured Snacks - Rold Gold Pretzels - Funyons Onion Flavoured Rings - Sun chips Multigrain Snacks - Cracker Jacks - Chester's Popcorn - Grandma's Cookies - Munchos Potato Chips - Smart food Popcorn - Baken-ets Fried Pork Skins - Frito-Lay Dips & Salsa - Sabritas Potato Chips - 3D's - Smiths Potato Crisps - Walkers Potato Crisps Pepsi-Cola Company Caleb Bradham founded pepsi-Cola in 1890. Brand Pepsi and other Pepsi-Cola products account for nearly one-third of total soft drink sales in the United States, a consumer market totalling about $58 billion. Outside the United States, Pepsi-Cola beverages are available in about 160 countries. Today Pepsi-Cola products account for about a quarter of all soft drinks sold internationally. The company has also established operations in the emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia, where Pepsi-Cola was the first U.S. consumer product to be marketed. Pepsi-Cola provides advertising, marketing, sales and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and food service customers. This includes some of the world's best and most recognized advertising. New advertising and exciting promotions keep Pepsi-Cola brands young. Pepsi-Cola Company products: - Pepsi-Cola - Diet Pepsi - Pepsi One - Mountain Dew - Slice - Mug Root Beer - Mug Cr?me - All Sport - Lipton Teas (Partnership) - Aquafina Water - Frappuccino Coffee Drink - Mirinda - 7UP (outside the U.S. only) - Fruit Works - Pepsi Max Tropicana Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. The company entered the concentrate orange juice business in 1949, registering Tropicana as a tr ademark. In 1954 Rossi pioneered a pasteurisation process for orange juice. For the first time, consumers could enjoy the taste of pure not-from-concentrate 100% Florida orange juice in a ready-to-serve package. The company went public in 1957, was purchased by Beatrice Foods Co. in 1978, acquired by Kohlberg Kravis & Roberts in 1986 and sold to The Seagram Company Ltd. in 1988. Seagram purchased the Dole global juice business in 1995. PepsiCo acquired Tropicana, including the Dole juice business, in August 1998. Today, Tropicana is the world's largest marketer and producer of branded juices with products available in 50 countries worldwide. Tropicana products: - Tropicana Pure Premium - Tropicana Season's Best - Dole Juices - Tropicana Twister. - Hitchcock - Looza - Copella. 2. Company Analysis: External Analysis PEST Analysis: The Pest Analysis identifies the political, economical, social a technological influences on an organization.

Huntington Disease Essays

Huntington Disease Essays Huntington Disease Essay Huntington Disease Essay Huntington Disease Huntington disease ( HD ) is an autosomal-dominant upset, characterized as disease of progressive encephalon devolution in late maturity with subsequent encephalon wasting. The affected countries of devolution are the basal ganglia, which play an of import function in the control of motion. This devolution causes assorted motor jobs such as behavioural abnormalcy, chorea, incoordination and dystonia ( Folstein, 1989 ) . George Huntington was the first adult male that described HD in the nineteenth century in item particularly its familial nature of chorea ( Huntington, 1872 ) . New findings have shown that HD involves the mutant protein huntigtin. This protein is translated from a CAG repetition organizing a polyglutamine strand of variable length at the N-terminus. The molecular mechanism of HD is non to the full understood but new findings utilizing carnal theoretical accounts have provided valuable information. The cistron associated with HD is termed the HD cistron and can be found on the short arm of chromosome four. As the disease is autosomal dominant, merely one HD cistron is sufficient to do the upset. The HD cistron is composed of a trinucleotide CAG repeats.The allelomorphs of the HD cistron are grouped as normal, intermediate or HD-causing. Each group has a characteristic figure of CAG repetitions. The normal allelomorphs have 26 or fewer CAG repetitions whereas intermediate allelomorphs have 27-35 CAG repetitions ( Potter et al. , 2004 ) . Carriers of normal allelomorphs and intermediate allelomorphs are non at hazard of developing HD. However, persons with intermediate allelomorphs are at hazard of giving birth to a kid with an allelomorph of HD-causing characteristic ( Semaka et al. , 2006 ) . Thus, intermediate allelomorphs are besides termed changeable allelomorphs as they may mutate to do HD phenotype in the progeny. The ground for the mutant lies in the instability of the re production. The longer the figure of trinucleotides, the greater the instability. In 73 % of the instances, the instability leads to an enlargement of the trinucleotide repetitions and therefore an addition in the hazard of developing HD whereas merely 23 % show a contraction of the figure of repetitions associated with a low hazard of developing HD ( Chattapadhyay et al. , 2005 ; Djousse et al.,2004, MacDonald et al. , 1999 ) . HD-causing allelomorphs normally contain 36 or more CAG repetitions and present the bearer at an increased hazard of developing HD. HD-causing allelomorphs have been categorized into two groups: Reduced-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs and Full-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs. Reduced-penetrance or uncomplete HD-causing allelomorphs are composed of 36-39 trinucleotide CAG repetitions ( Rubinsztein, 2003 ; Rubinsztein et al. , 1996 ; McNeil et al. , 1997 ) . Carriers of this allelomorph may be symptomless and non demo the symptoms. On the other manus, full-penetrance HD-causing allelomorphs are characterized by 40 or more CAG repetitions and bearers of this allelomorph have a high chance of developing HD ( Rubinsztein et al. , 1996 ; McNeil et al. , 1997 ; Langebehn et al. , 2004 ) . The instability of the trinucleotide repeats occurs more frequently in males ( spermatogenesis ) than in females ( oogenesis ) . This phenomenon can besides be observed in the progeny with paternal heritage of the HD cistron where the oncoming of HD is more powerful and occurs in the early young person. In add-on, households with no history of HD may develop HD via new mutants originating by the elaboration of trinucleotide CAG repetitions and most of these new mutants come from the paternal side ( Anca et al. , 2004 ; Squitieri et al. , 2003 ) . Bodily instability of CAG repetitions can besides originate and hold been observed in human existences every bit good as animate being theoretical accounts. Furthermore, indistinguishable twins demonstrate different clinical syndromes and have about a similar age of oncoming. Twins that are bearers of homozygous allelomorphs have no difference in the age of oncoming ( Georgiou et al. , 1999 ) . Carriers of the HD allelomorph are clinically healthy before the oncoming of the HD disease symptoms. However, in the so called preclinical stage, there are little alterations happening in motor accomplishments, knowledge and personality ( Walker, 2007 ) . The oncoming of HD disease symptoms normally occurs in the average age of oncoming which is 35 to 44 old ages ( Bates et al. , 2002 ) . In 66 % , initial symptoms are abnormalcies in the neurological map or psychiatric alterations. Other symptoms are minor involountary motions, trouble in mental planning, depression and little alterations in the oculus motion. In 25 % of HD bearers, the visual aspect of initial symptoms such as chorea, dysphagia and pace perturbation is delayed until after 50 old ages with the disease symptoms taking a more drawn-out and soft class. At the same clip, the life style of the affected persons does non alter and they can still go on with their current employment. The initial oncoming of the symptoms is followed by an increased diagnostic chorea, trouble in commanding voluntary motion every bit good as aggravation of dysarthria and dysphagia. As a consequence of the deterioration symptoms, the affected persons must go forth employment and may necessitate extra aid to get by with some activities in their day-to-day life. The concluding phase of HD demonstrates terrible motor disablement. The symptoms have worsened so much that so that the bearers can non cover with their damage at all and necessitate the aid of other people. The bearers are tongueless and incontinent and demo a average endurance clip of 15 to 18 old ages after the first oncoming of HD related symptoms. The life anticipation is suggested to be at 54 to 55 old ages ( Harper, 2005 ) . The diagnosing of HD is based on mutant analysis. For this intent, PCR based methods can be utilised which musca volitanss alleles up to about 115 CAG repetitions. Likewise, southern smudge is employed for allelomorphs with more than 115 CAG ( Potter et al. , 2004 ) . Such big enlargements are linked with juvenile-onset of HD triggered by homozygous HD genotypes. Moderate-to-severe Huntington s disease illustrate larger frontal horns of the sidelong ventricles and lack in striatal volume when modus operandi MRI and CT scans are performed ( Stober et al. , 1984 ) . However, scans are non helpful for the diagnosing of early upset. Functional MRI surveies and informations from PET have displayed that affected encephalons started to change before the oncoming of symptoms ( Kunig et al. , 2000, Paulsen et al. , 2004 ) . Using these techniques, it is possible to acknowledge caudate wasting every bit easrly as 11 old ages before the expected oncoming of the disease, and it is possible to re cognze putaminal wasting 9 old ages before the expected oncoming ( Aylward et al. , 2004 ) . Tensor-based magnetic resonance morphometry demonstrates increasing loss of striatal loss in persons who are preclinical transporting the HD cistron and do non demo grounds of progresson by clinical or neuropsychological trials over 2 old ages ( Kipps et al. , 2005 ) . Familial proving for HD is merely considered by 5 % of HD hazard bearers due to household planning and employment. Many HD hazard bearers do non undergo proving as there is no efficient intervention for HD available ( Laccone et al. , 1999 ) . Furthermore, prognostic testing can hold psychological effects for HD hazard bearers taking to suicide due to mental depression ( Almqvist et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore, it is important to place self-destructive forms in immature HD hazard bearers and give pretest guidance. Epidemiologic surveies suggest that HD is most prevailing in the white Caucasic population with 5-7 people affected per 100000. There are besides exclusions in countries where the full population is derived from a few laminitiss such as in Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela or Tasmania ( Pridmore, 1990 ) . Across most of Asia and Africa the incidences of HD are much lower. The ground for the assorted distribution of HD incidence lies in the CAG repetitions. White Caucasians have a much higher frequence of HD allelomorphs that are composed of 28-35 CAG repetitions ( Kremer, 2002 ; Harper A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The high frequence of this HD alleles in the white population is non to the full understood. The HD cistron may give a wellness benefit as in other familial upsets such as reaping hook cell trait. It is thought that the HD cistron is associated with a lower hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease, perchance due to the upregulation of TP53 in HD disease ( Bae et al. , 2005 ; DiF iglia etal. , 1995 ) . The pathogenesis of HD affecting the protein huntingtin is ill understood. Even though orthologs of that protein have been detected in zebrafish, drosophilia and sludge molds, the function of the protein is still unknown ( Jones, 2002 ) . Huntingtin has a high laterality in all human cells. Most of it is expressed in the encephalon and testicles whereas bosom, lungs and liver show moderate sums of it ( DiFiglia et al.,1995 ) . One hypothesis suggests that happloinsufficiency plays an indispensable function in the pathogenesis of HD. This would intend that deficient sums of huntingtin protein are generated for the cells to work decently ( Ambrose et al.,1994 ) . However, this hypothesis besides have been refuted by other findings which suggest that a lack of HD cistron in adult male does non do HD in adult male ( Rubinsztein, 2003 ; Ambrose et al. , 1994 ) . This is besides supported by transgenic mouse theoretical accounts. One allelomorph of the HD cistron does non do HD in transgenic mouse theoretical accounts and complete absence of the HD cistron is linked to mortality in mouse embryos ( Squitieri et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore, new findings explain the pathogenesis of HD as a toxic addition of map derived from the mutant HD cistron. Likewise, this phenomenon can besides be observed in other familial diseases such as muscular wasting or dentatorubropallidoluysian ( Ambrose et al. , 1994 ; Andrew et al. , 1993 ) . There is non sufficient grounds to back up the claim of happloinsufficiency in any of these familial disease but an accretion of polyglutamines with subsequent neurodegeneration. This is farther supported by the relationship betwe en length of polyglutamine repetition and age of oncoming. Longer polyglutamine repetition ironss are associated with more aggressive patterned advance of HD disease symptoms and the juvenile oncoming of HD ( Mahant et al. , 2003 ; Squitieri et al. , 2002 ; Forproud et al. , 1999 ) . The biological construction of polyglutamine gives more insight into the toxic addition of map in HD. Experiments performed in vitro show that polyglutamine sums by organizing dimmers, trimers and oligomers. For this collection to be efficient, a minimal figure of 37 glutamine residues in sequence is required. The rate of collection additions as more glutamine repetitions are added to the long concatenation of glutamine polypeptide. This in vitro observation may be an explaination why some persons experience late oncoming of HD while others have a juvenile oncoming of HD. Some cardinal points have been discovered in the mechanism explicating how aggregative polyglutamine leads to neural disfunction. The mutant huntingtin protein is more prone to proteleolysis than its wild type opposite number. This higher hazard of protein debasement creates truncated proteins, which lead to the formation of sums of abbreviated huntingtin. Additionally, shorter glutamine repetitions are less likely to organize steric clangs than longer 1s. It is believed that these sums are toxic and locate in the cell nucleus. ( Saudou et al. , 1998 ; Peter et al. , 1999 ; Wellington et al. , 2000 ) . Finally, the rate of collection overcomes the rate at which proteosomes or autophagic vacuolisation degrade the proteins in the cell. This farther exacerbates the formation of aggregative protein in concurrence with the ability of sums to enroll normal organic structure proteins to their matrix. Examples of normal organic structure proteins are those proteins that interact with the wil d type signifier of huntingtin straight ( Mills et al. , 2005 ) . Some documents besides propose that the protein huntingtin may exercise non merely a toxic addition of map but besides a dominant negative consequence on the typical map of the wild type protein huntingtin. This manner, mutant huntingtin could interfere with proteins that regulate written text, programmed cell death, tumour suppression or axonal conveyance ( Bae et al. , 2005 ; Busch et al. , 2003 ; Charrin et al. , 2005 ; Gauthier et al. , 2004, Hickey A ; Chesselet, 2003 ) . Last, one other hypothesis provinces that mutant huntingtin may interfere in neuron-neuron interaction. This has been illustrated in mice where the mutant protein huntingtin disrupts the axonal conveyance and cyst release of neurotrophic factor in nerve cells taking to intrinsic disfunction of striatal nerve cells ( Pulst et al. , 1996 ; Komure et al. , 1995 ) . Mentions Almqvist EW, Brinkman RR, Wiggins S, Hayden MR. Psychological effects and forecasters of inauspicious events in the fi rst 5 old ages after prognostic testing for Huntington s disease. Clin Genet 2003 ; 64: 300-09. Ambrose CM, Duyao MP, Barnes G, et Al. Structure and look of the Huntington s disease cistron: grounds against simple inactivation due to spread out CAG repetition. Somat Cell Mol Genet 1994 ; 20: 27-38. Anca MH, Gazit E, Lowewenthal R, Ostrovsky O, Frydman M, Giladi N. Diff erent phenotypic look in monozygotic twins with Huntington disease. Am J Med Genet 2004 ; 124: 89-91. Andrew SE, Goldberg YP, Kremer B, et Al. The relationship between trinucleotide ( CAG ) repetition length and clinical characteristics of Huntington s disease. Nat Genet 1993 ; 4: 398-403. Aylward EH, Sparks BF, Field KM, et Al. Onset and rate of striatal wasting in presymptomatic Huntington disease. Neurology 2004 ; 63: 66-72. Bae BI, Xu H, Igarashi S, et Al. P53 mediates cellular disfunction and behavioural abnormalcies in Huntington s disease. Neuron 2005 ; 47:29-41. Bates G, Harper P, Jones L ( 2002 ) Huntington s Disease. Oxford University Press, New York. Busch A, Engemann S, Lurz R, et Al. Mutant huntingtin promotes the fibrillogenesis of wild-type huntingtin: a possible mechanism for loss of huntingtin map in Huntington s disease. J Biol Chem 2003 ; 278: 41452-61. Charrin BC, Saudou F, Humbert S. Axonal conveyance failure in neurogenerative upsets: the instance of Huntington s disease. Pathol Biol 2005 ; 53: 189-92. Chattapadhyay B, Baksi K, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya NP. Transition of age at oncoming of Huntington s disease patients by fluctuations in TP53 and human caspase activated DNase ( hCAD ) cistrons. Neurosci Lett 2005 ; 374: 81-86. DiFiglia M, Sapp E, Chase K, et Al. Huntingtin is a cytoplasmatic protein association with cysts in human and rat encephalon nerve cells. Neuron 1995 ; 14: 1075-81. Djousse L, Knowlton B, Hayden MR, et Al. Evidence for a qualifier of onset age in Huntington disease linked to the HD cistron in 4p16. Neurogenetics 2004 ; 5: 109-14. Foroud T, Gray J, Ivashina J, Conneally PM. Differences in continuance of Huntington s disease based on age at oncoming. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999 ; 66: 52-56. Folstein S. Huntington s disease: a upset of households. Old line state: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Gauthier LR, Charrin BC, Borrell-Pages M, et Al. Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and endurance of nerve cells by heightening BDNF vesicular conveyance along microtubules. Cell 2004 ; 118: 127-38. Georgiou N, Bradshaw JL, Chiu E, Tudor A, OGorman L, Phillips JG. Diff erential clinical and motor control map in a brace of monozygotic twins with Huntington s disease. Mov Disord 1999 ; 14:320-25. Harper PS, Jones L. Huntington s disease: familial and molecular surveies. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 113-58. Harper B.Huntington disease.J R Soc Med.2005 ; 98:550. Hickey MA, Chesselet MF. Apoptosis in Huntington s disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003 ; 27: 256-65. Huntington G. On chorea. Med Surg Rep 1872 ; 26: 317-21 Kipps CM, Duggins AJ, Mahant N, Gomes L, Ashburner J, McCusker EA. Progression of structural neuropathology in presymptomatic Huntington s disease: a tensor based morphometry survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 ; 76: 650-55. Kunig G, Leenders KL, Sanchez-Pernaute R, et Al. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in Huntington s disease: [ 11C ] Florida umazenil consumption measured utilizing antielectron emanation imaging. Ann Neurol 2000 ; 47: 644-48. Kremer B. Clinical neurology of Huntington s disease. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 3-27. Komure O, Sano A, Nishino N, et Al. Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis in familial dentatorubral-pallidoluysian wasting: correlativity between CAG repetition length and phenotypic fluctuation and the molecular footing of expectancy. Neurology 1995 ; 45: 143-49. Jones L. The cell biological science of Huntington s disease. In: Bates G, Harper P, Jones L, eds. Huntington s disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 348-62. Laccone F, Engel U, Holinski-Feder E, et Al. DNA analysis of Huntington s disease: fi ve old ages experience in Germany, Australia, and Switzerland. Neurology 1999 ; 53: 801-06. Langbehn DR, Brinkman RR, Falush D, Paulsen JS, Hayden MR.A new theoretical account for anticipation of the age of oncoming and penetrance for Huntington s disease based on CAG length.Clin Genet.2004 ; 65:267-77. MacDonald ME, Vonsattel JP, Shrinidhi J, et Al. Evidence for the GluR6 cistron associated with younger oncoming of Huntington s disease. Neurology 1999 ; 53: 1330-32 Mahant N, McCusker EA, Byth K, Graham S. Huntington s disease: clinical correlatives of disablement and patterned advance. Neurology 2003 ; 61:1085-92. McNeil SM, Novelletto A, Srinidhi J, Barnes G, Kornbluth I, Altherr MR, Wasmuth JJ, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Myers RH.Reduced penetrance of the Huntington s disease mutation.Hum Mol Genet.1997 ; 6:775-9. Mills IG, Gaughan L, Robson C, et Al. Huntingtin interacting protein 1 modulates the transcriptional activity of atomic endocrine receptors. J Cell Biol 2005 ; 170: 191-200. Paulsen JS, Zimbelman JL, Hinton SC, et Al. fMRI biomarker of early neural disfunction in preclinical Huntington s disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004 ; 25: 1715-21. Peter MF, Nucifora FC Jr, Kushi J, et Al. Nuclear targeting of mutant Huntingtin increases toxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999 ; 14: 121-81. Potter NT, Spector EB, Prior TW.Technical criterions and guidelines for Huntington disease testing.Genet Med.2004 ; 6:61-5. Pridmore SA. The big Huntington s disease household of Tasmania.Med J Aust 1990 ; 153: 593-95. Pulst SM, Nechiporuk A, Nechiporuk T, et Al. Moderate enlargement of a usually biallelic trinucelotide repetition in spinocerebellar ataxy type 2. Nat Genetics 1996 ; 14: 237-38. Rubinsztein DC. Molecular biological science of Huntington s disease ( HD ) and HD-like upsets. In: Pulst S, erectile dysfunction. Geneticss of motion upsets. California: Academic Press, 2003: 365-77. Rubinsztein DC, Leggo J, Coles R, Almqvist E, Biancalana V, Cassiman JJ, Chotai K, Connarty M, Crauford D, Curtis A, Curtis D, Davidson MJ, Differ AM, Dode C, Dodge A, Frontali M, Ranen NG, Stine OC, Sherr M, Abbott MH, Franz ML, Graham CA, Harper PS, Hedreen JC, Hayden MR.et al.Phenotypic word picture of persons with 30-40 CAG repetitions in the Huntington disease ( HD ) cistron reveals HD instances with 36 repetitions and seemingly normal aged persons with 36-39 repeats.Am J Hum Genet.1996 ; 59:16-22. Rubinsztein DC. Molecular biological science of Huntington s disease ( HD ) and HD-like upsets. In: Pulst S, erectile dysfunction. Geneticss of motion upsets. California: Academic Press, 2003: 365-77. Rubinsztein DC, Leggo J, Coles R, et Al. Phenotypic word picture of persons with 30-40 CAG repetitions in the Huntington disease ( HD ) cistron reveals HD instances with 36 repetitions and seemingly normal aged persons with 36-39 repetitions. Am J Hum Genet 1996 ; 59:16-22. 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Abraham Maslow Quotes About Psychology

Abraham Maslow Quotes About Psychology Abraham Maslow was a psychologist and the founder of the school of thought known as humanistic psychology. Perhaps best remembered for his famous needs hierarchy, he believed in the basic goodness of people and was interested in topics such as peak experiences, positivity, and human potential. In addition to his work as a teacher and researcher, Maslow also published several popular works including Toward a Psychology of Being and Motivation and Personality. The following are just a few selected quotations from his published works: On Human Nature When people appear to be something other than good and decent, it is only because they are reacting to stress, pain, or the deprivation of basic human needs such as security, love, and self-esteem.(Toward a Psychology of Being, 1968)Getting used to our blessings is one of the most important nonevil generators of human evil, tragedy, and suffering.(Motivation and Personality, 1954)It seems that the necessary thing to do is not to fear mistakes, to plunge in, to do the best that one can, hoping to learn enough from blunders to correct them eventually.(Motivation and Personality, 1954)I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.(The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance, 1966) On Self-Actualization Self-actualizing people have a deep feeling of identification, sympathy, and affection for human beings in general. They feel kinship and connection as if all people were members of a single family.(Motivation and Personality, 1954)Self-actualizing persons contact with reality is simply more direct. And along with this unfiltered, unmediated directness of their contact with reality comes also a vastly heightened ability to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy, however, stale those experiences may have become for others.(Toward a Psychology of Being, 1968)Something of the sort has already been described for the self-actualizing person. Everything now comes of its own accord, pouring out, without will, effortlessly, purposelessly. He acts now totally and without deficiency, not homeostatically or need-reductively, not to avoid pain or displeasure or death, not for the sake of a goal further on in the futu re, not for any end other than itself. His behavior and experience become per se, and self-validating, end-behavior and end-experience, rather than means-behavior or means-experience.(Toward a Psychology of Being, 1968) Musicians must make music, artists must paint, poets must write if they are to be ultimately at peace with themselves. What human beings can be, they must be. They must be true to their own nature. This need we may call self-actualization.(Motivation and Personality, 1954) On Love I may say that (Being) love, in a profound but testable sense, creates the partner. it gives him a self-image, it gives him self-acceptance, a feeling of love-worthiness, all of which permit him to grow. It is a real question whether the full development of the human being is possible without it.(Toward a Psychology Being, 1968) On Peak Experiences The person in peak-experiences feels himself, more than other times, to be the responsible, active, creating center of his activities and of his perceptions. He feels more like a prime-mover, more self-determined (rather than caused, determined, helpless, dependent, passive, weak, bossed). He feels himself to be his own boss, fully responsible, fully volitional, with more free-will than at other times, master of his fate, an agent.(Toward a Psychology of Being, 1968Expression and communication in the peak–experiences tend often to become poetic, mythical, and rhapsodic as if this were the natural kind of language to express such states of being.(Toward a Psychology of Being, 1968) You can learn more about Abraham Maslow by reading this brief biography of his life, further explore his hierarchy of needs  and his concept of self-actualization. Source: Maslow, A. Motivation and Personality. 1954.   Maslow, A. The Psychology of Renaissance. 1966.   Maslow, A. Towards a Psychology of Being. 1968.

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Operations management - Essay Example which attempted to retain market leadership by focussing solely on improvement of operational effectiveness without paying adequate attention to the overall business strategy of brand positioning and other very important human resource issues as job satisfaction, aggressiveness, motivation, performance, trust and commitment. Both made the same mistake of forgetting the broader perspective and tried to tackle an economic and marketing issue in isolation. It was only natural that both the attempts ended in failure. There were several different types of issues that had to be resolved as the project developed. At one end was the difficulty in transposing the theoretical knowledge acquired from study modules to the practical context of the project. At the other end was the lack of skill in identifying broad trends that generally tend to affect business mandarins all over the world. There surely is a trend-setter like Toyota, but it requires the experience of a veteran researcher to be able to identify a new trend and forecast a phenomenon that will sweep the world in days to come even when it is in its nascent stage and is being experimented and fine tuned by the trend setter. This ability to immediately spot an idea that would shape tomorrow’s business and commerce can only be acquired through years of patient research and, quite obviously, is not visible in the current project. At this stage, it must be admitted that the in-depth graphical analysis of the operational wheel of Tesco or a thorough examination of the technology and production processes adopted by Morgan car manufacturing company helped the researcher to attain that analytical frame of mind. The extensive knowledge (albeit theoretical) about not only lean but also agile supply chains that the researcher obtained by undertaking several projects on this topic made him fully realise the necessity of the decoupling point

Merit Pay For Teachers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Merit Pay For Teachers - Research Paper Example (3) Pay for performance, or merit pay, for teachers can solve both problems. â€Å"Money plays a major role in educating America’s students,† state Kaplan and Owings in American Education: Building for a Common Foundation. â€Å" For the 2008-2009 school year, nation-wide public education at all levels cost one trillion dollars...When it comes to quality education, we as a society can pay now or we can pay later...It is a critical investment in a community’s—and our nation’s—infrastructure.† (Kaplan 2010) Assuming that we want to take the wiser course and pay now, thus avoiding future economic catastrophes, one of the things we need to do is to increase teachers’ salaries while also encouraging them to be more effective in the classroom. Texas Six years ago student scores at Audelia Creek Elementary School in Richardson, Texas, were among the worst in the district. More than a third of the teachers left. Now, thanks to TAP, the Teacher Advancement Program, Audelia’s students have some of the highest scores and teachers seek to work at Audelia. TAP is a national teacher evaluation and training program that includes annual cash bonuses for high-performing teachers. Teachers of each grade level meet regularly and are led by a master teacher who trains and evaluates them. One meeting, for example, focused entirely on how to teach students to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. â€Å"It’s not the sandwich, it’s the process,† the principal explained. For a teacher to know whether a student understands a reading assignment, she needs to ask the student to re-tell the material. But that's not a process that comes naturally to many kids. So the teacher has to "pre-tell," modeling the steps that students would take to organize their thoughts in order to re-tell material they've heard. For the Richardson district, teachers who hit the minimum TAP targets get an extra $2,000. But the b onus could be as much as $3,500. Over the past two years, most of Richardson's TAP teachers got around $2,800. "It's the best teaching model I have ever seen," one teacher said. "But it's not for the faint-hearted." In 2010 Audelia was awarded the annual $50,000 TAP Founder's Award by the California-based National Institute for Excellence in Teaching. The State of Texas gave its blessing to districts to find their own ways to strive for excellence. District Awards for Teacher Excellence (DATE) programs were first implemented in Texas districts during the 2008-09 school year. The program is currently in its third year of operation with approximately $197 million in annual state funding. All districts in the state are eligible to receive grants, but participation is voluntary. The National Center on Performance Incentives at Vanderbilt University found that student achievement has improved and teacher turnover has declined in schools participating in the Texas state-funded DATE progra ms. Colorado Denver’s move forward in 2005 has been called both â€Å"the nation’s most ambitious teacher pay plan† and â€Å"making pure dumb luck work.† In 1990 the Board of Education first negotiated into labor agreements the formation of committees to study merit pay. There was not much enthusiasm. On November 1, 2005, Denver voters approved a $25 million property tax increase tied to ProComp, a program of merit pay for teachers. ProCamp has four components: student growth, market

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles On the 28th June 1919, Germany resentfully signed the most famous treaty ever, Versailles. Although years of readjusting the treaty followed, this essay will focus mainly on the strengths and weaknesses of the 440 articles in 1919. The Treaty followed a massive war, with huge human sacrifice. It was supposed to be the Treaty to end all wars and give security to the countries involved. The overwhelming task that laid ahead for Woodrow Wilson (America), Lloyd George (Great Britain), Clemenceau (France) and Orlando (Italy) was on a bigger scale than any previous delegates had had to deal with. One of the biggest interpreted weaknesses was the economics and reparations. Firstly, it highlighted the weaknesses of the delegates forming the Treaty, as they had to listen to public demand which had been exaggerated due to the scale and length of the war. An example was Lloyd George who was pressured from conservatives for harsh reparations, Geddes, a conservative politician hailed the words we shall squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak.  [1]  Packer declared Lloyd George did not believe in harsh reparations  [2]  , but George added extras to the original reparations such as war pensions to please the conservatives because the original amount based on war damage gave Britain a very little. Kitchen showed and I agree that there was little Lloyd George could do about the situation as no politician would have survived if he had suggested that Germany should be forgiven.  [3]  However, Lentin disagreed, thinking that public opinion created pressure but had no imp act on the Treaty. He later contradicted himself by proclaiming that the one of the causes of the delay in announcing reparations because the delegates believed that the public would never be satisfied with the guaranteed amount.  [4]  Therefore, public opinion had to be acknowledged and satisfied to a certain extent. This meant the Treaty did not always accomplish what was needed such as lower reparations. The biggest weakness with the reparations was the total amount ( £600 million) Germany had to pay. Keynes, who scathingly criticised the Treaty of Versailles, heavily condemned the reparations as Britain depended on the revival of trade, especially with Germany,  [5]  but Germany needed to increase their exports and decrease their imports. This would decrease trade with Britain and lose Britain money. Feldman, although I disagree, supported Keynes believing that the economic and financial settlements were horrendous failures.  [6]  This was an extreme view and seemed to ignore the circumstances the delegates were dealing with. There were poor decisions but Feldman over-exaggerated. Nicolson argued that it was not excessively harsh economically to Germany.  [7]  However, although it was not excessively harsh, I believe it was too harsh for Germany to even begin to comprehend, especially when territory and economics are combined. Germany lost 13.5% of their territory incl uding 8% of German coal production. Germany lost 10% of her population as well as 1.7 million people in the war. Population creates manpower for industry. This might not seem a lot however, when you add  £600 million in reparations, the loss can seem great and perhaps the Treaty harsh. This shows another weakness of the Versailles Treaty, as no suitable amount for Germany to pay was reached discrediting the treaty. However it could be deemed an unavoidable weakness as the reparations were decreased in the 1920s but the Germans still felt it was unfair. Another weakness of the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament hypocrisy. The League of Nations articles asserted that any discrepancies would be sorted through the League and not by war. Therefore there was no need for any country to have large armies; however Germany was forced to disarm to a 200,000 volunteer army, showing how the points were used selectively. During the revisionist period Germany complained about the unjust nature of disarmament. Therefore disarmament can be viewed as a weakness as it highlights the unjust part of the Treaty but it shows that Germany was always going to come back with revenge. Germany was unified in its pride in its military. Carr argued that Germanys rise in 1920s was inevitable as it was unreasonable to impose a position of permanent inferiority on a great power.  [8]  This was true, but unavoidable; France wanted to know that Germany could not attack them. However, if the hypocrisy previously mentioned did not exist, and everyone had dis armed, then the situation could have been different. Isolating Germany in disarmament and the League of Nations was a bad idea, as they used it as an excuse to break the Treaty later, which was one of the causes of the Second World War. The Treaty had the aim of prolonged peace, and the isolation through disarmament was one of the reasons it did not fulfil its aim. The failure of the League of Nations was a huge weakness; it failed because America, Russia and Germany were omitted. The League could not make decisions about the world without three of the most influential countries. The League was bypassed when Italy seized Corfu, causing embarrassment for the League as it showed a lack of power. The League might not have been certain to succeed, but if the League had put its countries beliefs behind, and the worldwide affairs first, it would not be deemed such a weakness. The League of Nations had strengths too, it was the first time the idea have been put into practise trying some ideologically and practically new to keep the peace worldwide. The League introduced medical measures that had not been in states before 1914. This was a very credible strength from the Treaty of Versailles. It really was evidence of the Versailles Treaty trying to keep prolonged peace. The compromises in the Treaty created strengths and weaknesses. These compromises had left historians to debate as to whether the Treaty would have been stronger if it had been harsher or softer. Marks perfectly described the Treaty as too soft to restrain Germanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ yet too severe to be acceptable toGermans.  [9]  It was viewed too harsh in terms of reparations, disarmament and territory. The consequence of this was Germany convincing others it was too harsh bringing the revisionism viewpoint of the 1920s which had been adopted by Britain. Revisionism allowed the Germans to undo some of the Treatys main clauses such as self-determination, reparations and disarmament. Revisionism has been linked to the rise of Nazism and also the Second World War. The Versailles Treaty aimed to keep prolonged peace, the weakness of the compromise shows a failure of the Treaty. A soft treaty would have been impossible, the after war feeling was to enforce a vindictive peace to help res tore some of the hurt caused during the war that Germany was blamed for starting. However , it seemed that no matter how soft the Treaty would have been Germany would have wanted to change it. I agree with Kitchen that ultimately no amount of revision would have satisfied the Germans.  [10]   The strength of the Versailles Treaty compromises was that most of the clauses were very just, especially considering the circumstances. An example of this would be the Rhineland, France wanted to occupy it, however the other delegates knew that it would only cause outrage in Germany, and would strike revenge, therefore they created a compromise where the Rhineland would remain unoccupied and demilitarized. Another way to view the compromises as strength is looking at Germanys Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, an obviously overly harsh Treaty imposed on Russia after they withdrew from the war. This strength does not disregard mistakes in the compromises and in the Treaty; however it highlights that within the circumstances it was a commendable agreement. However, the strengths and weaknesses could be argued to be unavoidable. The Treaty regardless of its content was never going to last. Mattrl pointed out the undeniable point that before the ink had dried on the Treaty of Versailles, the move ment to destroy ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦had begun.  [11]  Therefore the weaknesses mentioned would not have been weaknesses had German accepted losing the war and the terms. The Treaty would not have been so heavily criticised and littered with failures if it had been enforced. The Treaty could have been successful but once the Treaty had been signed; the alliance had crumbled, worsened by different ideas on how to enforce the Treaty. France wanted to make sure the clauses were imposed on Germany as harsh as possible; however Britain began to revise the Treaty. Germany complained about the Treaty, believing it was unjust, when in reality it was mainly fair. For example, if disarmament had been enforced, Germany would not have been able to annex Czechoslovakia, which was a cause of the Second World War. Germany was also left to decide about whether they could afford the reparations, and obviously, as they did not want to have this article imposed on them, they often escaped doing it, to a standard that could easily create weaknesses in the Versailles Treaty. Marks correctly explained that the delegates erroneously believed that Germany would abide by thei r decisions,  [12]  this highlighted one of the many reasons why enforcement of the Treaty failed. Another reason for the lack of enforcement was that the allies were not loyal to each other; they just won the same war that they fought for different reasons. Therefore, the Treaty could be argued to have exposed weaknesses due to the lack of enforcement as opposed to the original articles. It can be argued that there are less strengths than weaknesses in the Treaty of Versailles but it is often forgotten that the biggest strength is far more significant than most of the weaknesses. The momentous task that lied ahead of the delegates was incomprehensible; 10 million people lost their lives alongside the new style of warfare. The war came to an abrupt end and there were complex issues alongside contradicting viewpoints. The short amount of time they had, and the amount they had to handle creates the strength as they were able to form a Treaty which although has been criticised with many weaknesses, also has commendable articles and decisions. It must never be forgotten that the Treaty was produced attempting long-term peace whilst punishing the losers of the war, as most Treaties do. If the Treaty had been accepted by the Germans, it could have been an established peace settlement. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles, from the ideological revolution in the League of Nations, to the lack of considered economics in the reparations and loss of territories. However, the Treaty should be commended as one of its own time, that regardless of its contents would have been changed and adjusted as no Treaty had ever involved so many world and European powers. Marks convincingly summed up the Treaty by rightly claiming that the Treaty was a product of its time representing the feelings of the time; therefore its duration was limited seeing as the reality of the feelings of 1919 was limited.  [13]  

Applications of cryptography

Looking for the â€Å"best† websites in cryptology is a daunting, if not an impossible task. This is because, as I started searching the Web for interesting sites on cryptology, I found that there are just so many. The task is made even more difficult by the fact that cryptology is such a broad subject which encompasses several sub-subjects. Nevertheless, I have to choose three sites. Basically, I just set two criteria for choosing a site: it has to be interesting and it has to be easily understandable even when the content is technical.Being a history enthusiast, my search for fascinating contents led me to a website that features cryptology in the 16th and 17th centuries. It can be accessed via the link http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm and is written by Thomas (Penn) Leary. One of the reasons I was drawn to this site is the existence of an author for the site. With internet access and blogging accessible to almost everyone, I tend to get wary of websites whose aut hors are unknown for I feel that this lessens the reliability of the site and its contents, unless the site belongs to a company or organization whose reliability cannot be questioned.The content starts with a philosophical statement by Blaise de Vigenere, something which I found quite endearing. Being primarily a non-technical site, it avoids the use of cryptographic jargon and instead uses words easily understandable by almost any reader. Examples of the early kinds of cryptology such as the Elizabethan cryptology (uses numbers to encipher letters) were discussed in the site. Several paragraphs in the site are attributed to Johannes Trithemius, a German monk who is also considered the first theoretician in cryptography.Most of his schemes also include steganography, a close cousin to cryptography, which involves concealing the existence of the message itself. Aside from that, Trithemius contributed much to the existence of polyalphabeticity. His tableau, which he called his  "tabula recta†, uses the normal alphabet in various positions as the cipher alphabets. Giovanni Battista della Porta, another famous early cryptographer received a highlight in the site. Likewise, the use of acrostic, a cipher which involves using the first letters of a poem in order to form a word, was also given emphasis.Poets in the Italian Renaissance and during the Elizabethan period were reported to be quite fond in using acrostic. Although quite non-technical, this website appealed to me because I can look back and trace the early days of cryptology when there were no computers and other modern crypto graphing equipment. It is fascinating to note that the state-of-the-art cryptography used nowadays evolved from relatively simple ciphers such as Trithemius’ tableau and acrostic. In terms of information presentation, the website did quite well and the information was arranged in a clear and systematic manner.Furthermore, the author cited several works which I find commendable as most of the websites today obtain information from other sites, books and journals without acknowledging these sources. As for the technical side, I found David Wagner’s (1999) discussion of the Boomerang Attack quite interesting. His paper can be accessed by this link: lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf, although I believe it originally came from www. cs. berkeley. edu/~daw/papers/boomerang-fse99. ps. As you might have noticed I’m quite a stickler for the reliability of website contents.Apart from the topic being quite interesting, I chose this website because it came from an academic institution, which I believe screens articles and papers before posting it in their website. Even for non-technical readers, Wagner’s (1999) introduction to the concept of a boomerang attack is quite comprehensible. He started by describing differential cryptanalysis, a powerful cryptanalytic technique. Because of such power , differential analysis has been used to break many published ciphers. Block cipher designers therefore ensure that their design is secured from differential attacks.Algorithm designers usually compute an upper bound p on the probability of any differential characteristic on the cipher. The designer then invokes an often repeated â€Å"folk theorem† stating that any successful differential attack will require at least 1/p texts to break the cipher, thus making a conclusion that the cipher is safe from differential attacks. In order to prove this â€Å"folk theorem† false, Wagner (1999) exhibited an attack – in this case the boomerang attack – that allows an opponent to beat the 1/p bound in some cases.Let’s say the best characteristic for half of the rounds of the cipher has a probability of q, a successful boomerang attack will therefore need O (q-4) chosen texts. In some cases, q-4 > 1/p, in which case the boomerang attack will be able to beat th e folk theorem’s bound. Basically, a boomerang attack is still a differential-style attack but does not try to cover the whole cipher with a single pattern having a significantly large probability. Instead, the attacker tries to find two highly-probable patterns, though not necessarily related to each other, but when taken together can cover the whole cipher (Standaert, Piret, Quisquater, 2003).Wagner (1999) does not only discuss boomerang attack theoretically and only through probabilities, he showed how boomerang attack can be used to break COCONUT98, a cipher that rely on decorrelation techniques for its design. The breaking of COCONUT98 suggests that decorrelation design may fail to give enough security against advance differential attacks when caution is not taken. Therefore the use of decorrelation techniques is not a total guarantee of safety against differential-style attacks.Nevertheless, a decorrelation design still improves the cipher’s security such that in the absence of a decorrelation module, COCONUT98 will be more vulnerable to conventional differential-style attacks. Wagner (1999) also demonstrated the use of boomerang attacks on Khufu and FEAL, and included a description of â€Å"inside-out attack†, a dual to boomerang attack, with the boomerang attack working from the outside, while the â€Å"inside-out attack† works from the inside. In general, the site is very informative but I must admit, quite technical.One therefore does not approach it without having received a background on cryptology. Oliver Pell’s (nd) website, which he claims has won him a prize in a mathematics essay contest, is just as interesting. Accessed from http://www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/#_Toc439908875, it presents a very useful overview of cryptology. Slightly technical, it comes in between the first two websites. Whereas the first is definitely non-technical while Wagner’s (1999) paper is definitely technical, Pell (nd) prese nts technical data in the simplest way possible.In fact, among the three sites, this one definitely stands out. The website content begins with the definition of commonly-used cryptographic terms, an indication that the paper is meant to be read by a wide range of audience including non-technical ones. The history of cryptography and cryptanalysis which followed the definition is quite fascinating and seems to me, well-researched. Ancient Egyptians, Hebrews and Assyrians already developed a crude form of cryptographic systems.Later on, the Greeks invented the first transposition cipher but it was the Arabs who were the first to have a clear grasp on the principles of cryptography and elucidated the beginning of cryptanalysis. In the more modern times, the uses of cryptography during the First and Second World War were also discussed. What follows is a detailed discussion on cryptography starting on how cryptographic systems are grouped: based on the mathematical operation that chang es the plain text into ciphertext using the encryption key, based on whether a block or stream cipher is produced, and based on the type of key used, whether single or two key.Substitution ciphers – ciphers wherein the units of the plaintext are replaced with symbols or group of symbols, transposition ciphers – rearranging of the letters of the plaintext without actually changing the letters themselves, block ciphers – symmetric-key encryption algorithms that changes a fixed length block of the plaintext into the same length of cipher text, and stream ciphers – also breaks plaintext into units but usually a single character are just some of the ciphers discussed in greater detail under the single key cryptography.A problem in cryptography – the key distribution problem – is also tackled. Such a problem usually occurs because both the sender and the receiver hold a copy of the key, but must also prevent others from getting access to the key. The solution to this problem, the two-key cryptography, is also discussed. Briefly, a two-key cryptography enables a user to possess two keys – one public and one private – with the public key used to encrypt the data to be sent, and the private key used to decrypt it.Some common applications of cryptography, such as protecting confidential company information and protecting a phone call just to name a few, are also presented. In general, the topic (Cryptography) is really well presented. At times when the topic gets a bit too technical (like algorithms), the author presents examples in order for the topic to be better understood. Such a well presented website content is quite uncommon and indeed deserves a prize. References Leary, T. (1996 July). Cryptology in the 16th and 17th Centuries.Retrieved September 27 from http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm Pell, O (nd). Cryptology. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://www. ridex. co. uk/ cryptology/#_Toc43990887 5. Standaert, F-X. , Pirret, G. & Quisquater, J-J. (2003). Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers: A Survey. UCL Crypto Group Technical Report Series. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://www. di. ens. fr/~piret/publ/cg03-2. pdf Wagner, P. (1999). Boomerang Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf.

Capitalism The Highest Stage Of Capitalism - 1538 Words

Since Vladimir Lenin was a Marxist and socialist he was opposed to global capitalism, and his book of Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism points out some of his main arguments regarding the capitalism as a whole. He regarded World War 1 as an imperialist war, caused by pressures that arose from an immediate development of several European empires. The central nations of capitalism participated to expand their exploitative sphere, which led to the conflict of interests and eventually produced the Great War . Although in Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin characterized capitalism as a source of gaining the great profit, a closer reading of his narrative suggest that capitalism leads to a class exploitation by maximization of power, and total control of the economic system. The key to understanding the effect of capitalism and the power control can be seen in Lenin’s concentration of production and monopolies, which he described in his book. He believed that monopoly was a switch from capitalism to a higher system, and based on Marx’s law of concentration the market supremacy in capitalism belongs to a few cartels, syndicate and trusts, and emerging capital of banks that handle the thousands of millions. In addition to this, cartels, syndicates and trusts divide among themselves the whole internal market of a particular country, and enact their control that gives them a various power over the society and whole system. And concentration goes furtherShow MoreRelatedThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesit. Democracy is not a static idea. It changes as the culture and opinions of the nation change. As the culture, economy, and social classes evolve, the ways that people perceive the idea of what democracy really means change as well. In the early stages of American democracy, the people whose ideas were considered for the government were free white males who owned land. 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Exclusion Restrictions in Instrumental Variables

In many fields of study, including statistics and economics, researchers rely on valid exclusion restrictions when they are estimating outcomes using either instrumental variables (IV) or exogenous variables. Such calculations are often used to analyze the causal effect of a binary treatment. Variables and Exclusion Restrictions Loosely defined, an exclusion restriction is considered valid so long as the independent variables do not directly affect the dependent variables in an equation. For example, researchers rely on randomization of the sample population in order to ensure comparability across the treatment and control groups. At times, however, randomization is not possible. This may for any number of reasons, such as lack of access to suitable populations or budgetary restrictions. In such cases, the best practice or strategy is to rely on an instrumental variable. Simply put, the method of using instrumental variables is utilized to estimate causal relationships when a controlled experiment or study is simply not feasible. Thats where valid exclusion restrictions come into play.   When researchers employ instrumental variables, they rely on two primary assumptions. The first is that the excluded instruments are distributed independently of the error process. The other is that the excluded instruments are sufficiently correlated with the included endogenous regressors. As such, the specification of an IV model states that the excluded instruments affect the independent variable only indirectly.   As a result, exclusion restrictions are considered observed variables that impact treatment assignment, but not the outcome of interest conditional on treatment assignment. If, on the other hand, an excluded instrument is shown to exert both direct and indirect influences on the dependent variable, the exclusion restriction should be rejected. The Importance of Exclusion Restrictions In simultaneous equation systems or a system of equations, exclusion restrictions are critical. The simultaneous equation system is a finite set of equations in which certain assumptions are made. Despite its importance to the solution of the system of equations, the validity of an exclusion restriction cannot be tested as the condition involves an unobservable residual. Exclusion restrictions are often imposed intuitively by the researcher who must then convince of the plausibility of those assumptions, meaning that the audience must believe the researcher’s theoretical arguments that support the exclusion restriction. The concept of exclusion restrictions denotes that some of the exogenous variables are not in some of the equations. Often this idea is expressed by saying the coefficient next to that exogenous variable is zero. This explanation may make this restriction (​hypothesis) testable and may make a simultaneous equation system identified. Sources Schmidheiny, Kurt. Short Guides to Microeconometrics: Instrumental Variables.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Schmidheiny.name. Fall 2016.University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences staff. Introduction to Instrumental Variables. UManitoba.ca.