The Rate Of Gross Domestic Product And Unemployment

â€Å"The relationship between rate of Gross Domestic Product and Unemployment Of an economy† The economic power of an economy is what truly enables it to be a global ruler; furthermore a strong economy means the people are employed, successful and thriving. The best way to measure the economy’s current health is to just take a look at their Gross domestic production and unemployment rate. A strong economy stands for global dominance and influence, resulting in high standards of living, decreased unemployment, and prevention from recessions, depressions and also lower the risk of inflation but is there a link between the gross domestic product and unemployment that plays a role in all this? And how does this effect the well being of an economy, also why was the Canadian recession of 2008 a proof of this direct but opposite link of GDP and unemployment. Now to connect the dots, it’s easy to put out all these terms but not actually understand how they are related well the growth of GDP means there is more demand of products and if there is demand, companies need workers to make those products, hence there is lesser unemployment and the economy is growing and production rate is also increasing. If the rate growth is constantly decreasing with lesser demand and there is constant lower economic activity then the economy goes into recession. To further elaborate these concepts, Gross domestic product stands for the total economic activity of a nation, it means the monetary value ofShow MoreRelatedReal Gross Domestic Product Is An Inflation Adjusted Measure1015 Words   |  5 PagesReal Gross Domestic Product is an inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year. Real Gross Domestic Product accounts for changes in price level and provides a more accurate figure o f economic growth. The government uses Gross Domestic Product as a tool to analyze the economy’s purchasing power and growth over time. This is done by looking at the economic output of two periods and valuing each period with the same average pricesRead MoreFundamentals of Macroeconomics850 Words   |  4 PagesFundamentals of Macroeconomics 08 October 2013 The gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as the market value of all goods in any country at any specific time. The gross domestic product is frequently used to establish a country’s wealth or standard of living. Even though the GDP is supposed to determine a country’s economic health, many nonbelievers think the gross domestic product does not account for the underground economy. An underground economy would consistRead MoreReal Gross Domestic Product Of The United States And United Kingdom1671 Words   |  7 Pages Real Gross Domestic Product Real Gross Domestic Product is the measure of the economy’s output of goods and services over a specific period of time. It is usually measured in comparison to the GDP’s of previous years. For instance, if a year-to-year Gross Domestic Product goes up by 2 percent, it is said that the economy has grown by 2 percent. On a more basic level, Gross Domestic Product can be measured by adding everyone’s earnings in a year or what everyone spent. This is known as the incomeRead MoreConcept Paper1098 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing the country’s Gross Domestic product? I.   Rationale In every country, gross domestic product (GDP) serves as an indicator to determine how well does the country performed for a specific period of time. It is an estimation of the value of the total goods and services it has produced. It matters to us when our country’s gross domestic product constantly increases from period to period, but is there really a massive increase in a country’s gross domestic product when it is election yearRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081691 Words   |  7 Pagesmid to late 2000’s. Some economists believe that the oversupply of monetary contributed to the 2008 crisis due to low interest rate targets that were substantially below the monetary requirement. In this paper I will discuss the effects of the changes in monetary and fiscal policies that altered the economy in 2008 as well as the current and desired gross domestic product for the future United States economy. The United States fiscal policy can be defined by how the United States government collectsRead MoreEconomic Growth Between Emerging And Developed Economics Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesCanada, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Emerging countries can be identifying with rapid growth rate and development but lower per capita than developed countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain. The economic growth of countries can be measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This essay is going to find out â€Å"What are the main reasons behind different rate of economic growth in emerging and developed economics in last 15 years?† In hear I selectedRead MoreUnemployment And Its Impact On The Nation s Unemployment Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesUnemployment is one of the biggest topics that we talk about as a country and also is one of the biggest problems that we have as well. In essence it is the state of being unemployed. There are three total types of unemployment: frictional, structural and cyclical. The latest unemployment rate reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was 4.9% in January. The way that we measure unemployment is BLS conducts a national survey that is random to a number around 60,000 households. They do thisRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment sometimes fall and how can unemployment be reduced? †¢ What are the sources of price inflation and how can it be kept under control? †¢ How can a nation increase its rate of economic growth? †¢ Objectives of Macroeconomics OUTPUT †¢ high level and rapid growth of output †¢ to provide goods and services that the population desires †¢ most comprehensive measure of total output in an economy is the gross domestic product / gross national product †¢ potential output is determined by theRead MoreReal Gross Domestic Product Is An Inflation Adjusted Measure1474 Words   |  6 PagesReal Gross Domestic Product is an inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year. Real Gross Domestic Product accounts for changes in price level and provides a more accurate figure of economic growth. The government uses Gross Domestic Product as a tool to analyze the economy’s purchasing power and growth over time. This is done by looking at the economic output of two periods and valuing each period with the same average pricesRead MoreHigher Level Of Prices Of Goods And Services Rises961 Words   |  4 Pagesservices rises, the inflation rate rises. I somehow disagree with this statement as it might be the secondary reason or not the only reason for the rise. But the factors that cause the inflation rate to rise are as follows: a) An icrease in demand for goods relative to supply: When there are many potential buyers of certain goods but the supply can not match the increased demand hence, results in Demand-pull inflation. Demand-pull inflation doesn’t result in inrease in rate of Inflation every time.

Manufacturing Industry and Fair Trade in Australia Free Essays

The question that is being studied here is of unemployment, and this is clearly not being lost because of imports. The calculations have been made by the Australian Center for Industrial Relations Research and Teaching, and they say facts about the net changes in the rate of employment between 1988 and 1998 in a number of industrial sectors. It can be seen that there is a clear decline in employment in eight sectors of industry during this decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing Industry and Fair Trade in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a net loss of about 250,000 jobs and more than sixty percent of the loss was in areas where there was no competition. This concerned employers like Commonwealth Bank, SECV, State Rail NSW, AMP, and the federal public services. (Do imports cost jobs: What’s wrong with fair trade? ) Compared to this, the total number of people employed in sector of textiles, clothing and footwear manufacture in Australia has been 80. 2 thousand as per the figures available for 1998. (Manufacturing employment) The important areas of job loss have been in the manufacture of different products with low import threats, and where the imports come from high wage countries. The exception is in the case of textile, clothing and footwear — TCF. In the case of these products, the imports are from medium wage countries and that import is 36. 0 percent of the total market for these goods in Australia. The largest import is from China, and they are now selling 20 percent of all TCF goods in Australia. (Do imports cost jobs: What’s wrong with fair trade? ) This has been confirmed at meetings of the productivity commission regarding the future of industry in the city of Melbourne and the state of Victoria. In the public hearing, they have also confirmed that if the recommendations of the commission are implemented then there would be another loss of 30,000 jobs. An industrialist, Brian Rush had this to say about the textile industry – â€Å"Commodity sewing, as such, in Australia has a real struggle in front of it. Our all-up labor rates in Bendigo, with all the add-ons, are about $28 an hour. You go to China and it’s less than 50 cents an hour†. (Textile jobs under threat. 2003) It is not that the government is not aware of the situation in the country and has already allocated $575 million for the textile, clothing and footwear sector under the Strategic Investment Program as stated by the minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources. His statement said â€Å"Australia’s $9 billion textile, clothing and footwear manufacturing industries can now apply for investment and RD assistance under the package which has been closely and extensively negotiated with industry players†. (Australia: Textile, clothing footwear sector investments worth AU $575mn approved, 2005) But this does not seem to have helped the workers as in one case, the workers sacked by National Textiles on January 21st are still on a 24 hour picket outside their factory and that is located about 170 kilometers north of Sydney. There are 342 workers and the claimed dues are on account of entitlements which are not paid consisting of leave on a yearly basis, sick leave, long service, redundancy payments and superannuation. (Sacked Australian textile workers picket for $11 million in unpaid entitlements) Regarding TCF, the economists at Reserve Bank have stated that about one third of the jobs lost in clothing are due to low wages and that is a total of 28,000 jobs. For footwear this amounts to 6,000 jobs lost. Well this seems to support that fair trade is the main reason for the lost jobs but they have also stated â€Å"Despite this large import effect, productivity improvements accounted for about two-thirds of the fall in employment in this sector† (Do imports cost jobs: What’s wrong with fair trade? ) This can be seen from a comparison of the figures of 1994 and 1999 where in the case of machinery and equipment the productivity has risen by 23. 2 percent and the job losses have been only 3. 9 percent reduction. In the TCF sector, the increase in productivity has been 15. 1 percent and the job losses are 15. 3 percent. (Do imports cost jobs: What’s wrong with fair trade? ) When one looks at the total employment figures the picture becomes even clearer with a reduction between 1974 and 1999 with a total reduction in textiles clothing and footwear by 53 percent, whereas in transport equipment and machinery the reduction was by 39 percent and in metallic products by 29 percent. Thus it is clear that employment is on the way down with a total reduction by 22 percent. This is hurting the workers as 24 percent of the total workers were employed in manufacturing in 1974, but this came down to just 12 percent in 1999. This does not mean that this section of industry has started producing less, and the production has increased, but the gains have not been passed on in terms of additional workers. This is reflected in the fact that the major portion of Australia’s workers is now engaged in the service sector – 82 percent of them. (Productivity Commission: Move to scrap tariffs sooner rather than later) To some extent the mismatching of the Australian government timing of cutting the protection of the textile, clothing and footwear sector with the change of the global TCF industry to get into a new form of organization, the commodity chain is also responsible. Due to this change, some Australian TCF manufacturers could not continue business any longer, while the others followed a number of strategies to remain in business, and these including a change of the labor required. This has led to losses in jobs determined by age, gender and ethnicity in the skilled and semi-skilled levels of production. This has been replaced by jobs in design, marketing and management. The jobs in the factories of Australia have to the Pacific Rim. (Trade and inequality: Australia’s textile, clothing, and footwear industries, 1986-1996) As an example one can see that in December, there was a reduction by the Sara Lee clothing factory of 200 workers in the factories of Sydney, Wollongong and Kempsey. The number was half of the total employees of workers in the organization. This company now plans to get most of the production for the company done at Fiji, where the labor is cheaper. A similar decision was also taken by Levi Strauss, the famous jeans manufacturer. They are now planning to cut down about 60 percent of the workers in Elizabeth, near Adelaide. They amount to 100 workers. (Australian Job Losses) For many of the workers this means social changes and increases unemployment rates in many areas leading to losses in consumer demand for products. For the people there are long term effects on health due to the loss of jobs and finding a job when one is over 50 is not easy. For the company also it is a loss of manufacturing capacity. Productivity Commission: Move to scrap tariffs sooner rather than later) In the meantime, a new breed of employers has come up and these are the employment agencies. They offer high efficiency when placing the employees in a firm. They claim to offer economies of scale due to their being a specialist third party managing the aspects of personnel management like recruitment. This is normally the function of the personnel department. They also lead to lower transaction costs and thus increase efficiencies due to the matching involved. Yet it is not very popular as in 2003 a survey showed that organizations are using hired employees for the purpose of getting workers for immediate requirements. Yet, a survey showed that 42 percent of the firms believe that there are good benefits for the firms using hired employees. The perceived benefits are the reduction of administrative costs, being able to go through a thorough process of recruitment and getting skilled workers. A very small portion of the firms gave their reason as reduction of employee cost due to lower payments. Temporary employment agencies as labor market intermediaries – new ways of working in an open economy) According to a study done by ABS in June 2002, there were 290, 000 employees hired through the employment agencies at that time. This is a 3. 1 percent share of the total employment market. According to them the organizations which had a union with a closed shop had the least chance of using a labor hire agency. This is thus a limiting factor on labor hire agencies. The positive factor for a labor hire agency is an organization with an employee relations manager. These managers are knowledgeable about the different sources from where they can get labor, as also the different types of labor with them. They are more likely to use the agencies when appropriate. Yet organizations hire labor sparingly and along with other flexible forms of labor like part-time labor and casual labor. (The Growth of Labor Hire Employment in Australia) It is wrong to expect the free traders or the fair traders to really have the interests of the workers at heart. One has to realize that the problem in part arises from the present chase for productivity and international competition. How to cite Manufacturing Industry and Fair Trade in Australia, Essay examples

Theories of Action for Effecting Education Reform

Question: 1-Post gives a brief overview of subject mentioned in the chapter title. 2-Post gives a clear reflection about the importance of the chapter in becoming a teacher/leader. 3-Post gives clear explanation of how the chapter does or does not provide helpful information in becoming a teacher/leader. 4-Evidence of two responses to postings of other students within the course. 5-All posts and responses are at least one paragraph and written with professional writing standards.? Answer: 1. This chapter discusses the importance of curriculum and the need for bringing about reform to it. The objectives with which schools were established would not be met without the curriculum. This chapter is important for teachers as they play a vital role in designing curriculums. Reform of curriculum is one of the major challenges which education reform faces. The term curriculum owes its origin to a Latin word which bears the meaning of racecourse. Traditionally curriculum meant a list of courses but the definition has changed with the passage of time. It is important for educators to know the meaning of curriculum since only then they will be able to participate actively in its reform. Curriculum came to be defined as a program of studies, a document and even as the planned experiences of a school. No matter whatever definition of curriculum we adopt there is one common aspect, a hidden dimension which all definitions acknowledge. It means the things which are taught implicitly by schools and not explicitly. In 1983 after the National Commission on Excellence in Education published its report stating that the performance of American students has not been satisfactory a series of reforms in the field of education followed. Thomas (2012) supports the above stated view and reiterates the importance of curriculum. 2. This chapter basically deals with the relationship which exists between school and students. From a reading this chapter it is evident that school and students are very much inter related. School happens to be an institution which has been created for the society, by the society and it is an institution which the society supports. Thus a teacher bears responsibility towards both the society which is its employer and also the students since serving them is the purpose behind the creation of schools. But these two responsibilities conflict each other. The chapter in question provides the ways in which schools influence the society and vice versa. Since time immemorial schools have been influencing society through the following ways; schools inculcate into students the responsibilities he/ she bears towards the society as citizens. Curriculums of schools primarily teach students as to how they are supposed in a democracy. It is believed that educated citizens are indispensible to a demo cratic country and this purpose of the society is served by the schools which shape students into intellectual citizens. Schools render vocational training the students, through schools students are prepared for future career so that they can easily get jobs in future. Society has a strong impact on schools and it constantly re shapes the school. While designing curriculum educators must try to involve parents into the education process of their children. They need to have clear communication with the parents regarding the children. This chapter is important for the one who intends to be a teacher because if he is aware of above stated facts then he would be able to render the services of a teacher in a better way. Underwood, Razzouk, Hansen Shute (2011)- this article deals with the importance of the involvement of parents into the education system. 3. This chapter discusses the historical foundation of the institution of school. It traces the evolution of American education. The early schools came into vogue because of the Puritans as they strongly believed that it s not possible to have a democracy without an educated population. The Latin Grammar School was established in the year 1635 which later came to be known as the Harvard College. It was the belief of the Puritans that the devils would take advantage of the ignorance of their children and exploit them and thus school buildings were erected to educate the children. These were also known as Dame Schools and they were classical in nature. In the eighteenth century need was felt to establish schools which can be less classical and more practical. Benjamin Franklin thus opened the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia. These schools replaced the Latin Grammar Schools. One of the drawbacks of the Franklin school was that it was private and everybody could not afford them. This lead to the establishment of public schools which were free. This chapter also discusses the evolution of the present day curriculum. Since history is at the base of every discipline when one intends to become a teacher he/ she should be well aware of the history underlying the evolution of the system of education. Gatto (2012) this article also talks about the historical foundation of education in America. 4. This chapter tries to identify the ways by the adoption of which educators can render meaning to education. It begins by highlighting that both the educator as well as the student is not happy with each other. The student feels that educators only put them across oceans of information but does not impart knowledge in the true sense of the term which is the reason why most students remain mediocre. On the other hand, even teachers feel students mostly fail to apply their knowledge and take up risks. The chapter with the help of theories explains the importance of research to be undertaken by educators so as to improve the system of education. These theories may be stated in brief as follows: Growing research base theory provides that educators should conduct research in order to improve the system of education and should make students part of this research since they are the stake holders. Science v. Common Sense theory lays down that since common sense approach cannot be relied on in all situations, educators should give priority to research. Terminological Pitfalls theory states that the present system of education places much reliance on achievements as compared to practical application. Thus the system of education must try to look beyond the barriers of fact by using the tools of concept which is intrinsic to any type of thinking and its importance in education can never be overrated; educators should try and formulate theories of education and lastly models may be used by educators to formulate education plans. Finn, Jr.( 2010) this article lays down the theories for bringing about educational reform. This chapter gives a good insight for an individual to become a teacher in the true sense of the term. 5. This chapter reviews certain basic designs of curriculum and gives an insight into examining the curriculum. This chapter is of immense importance to the one who intends to become a teacher as he/ she would be a curriculum planner in future. Teachers should try to formulate such curriculum which draws connection between what is taught, why is it taught, how is it taught and assessment of what a student has learnt. It lays down that educators or teachers must not just try to cover all the material contained in a curriculum but should also make an endeavor to teach the materials covered in the curriculum. The curriculums which the educators design must enable students to draw connection between the various concepts they have learnt. Since this chapter provides curriculum designs for various levels depending upon the age of the students it would be of great help to a prospective teacher as he/ she can draw ideas from the designs provided and design appropriate curriculums in future. The chapter also provides for the advantages and disadvantages of each design which makes it all the more easier for educators to decide on which pattern would be more suitable while they are attempting to design curriculum. McKimm (2013)- this article discusses about various designs of curriculum. References Finn, Jr., C. (2010). Theories of action for effecting education reform. Gatto, J. (2012). An Underground History of American Education. McKimm, J. (2013). Curriculum design and development. Thomas, L. (2012). Re-thinking the importance of teaching: curriculum and collaboration in an era of localism. Rsa. Underwood, J., Razzouk, R., Hansen, E., Shute, V. (2011). A Review of the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students Academic Achievement. Education Research International

Rizal free essay sample

Whenever people of a country truly love The language which by heaven they were taught to use That country also surely liberty pursue As does, the bird which soars to freer space above. For language is the final judge and referee Upon the people in the land where it holds sway; In the truth our human race resembles in this way The other living beings born in liberty. Whenever knows not how to love his native tongue Is worse than any beast or evil swelling fish. To make our language richer ought to be our wish The same as any mother loves to feed her young. Tagalog and the Latin language are the sameAnd English and Castilian and the angel’s tongue; And God, whose watchful in the speech we claim. Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know Had alphabet and letter of its very own; But these were lost-by furious waves were overthrown Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MY FIRST INSPIRATION Why do the scented flowers In fragrant fray Rizal each other’s flowers This festive day? Why is sweet melody bruited In the sylvan dale, Harmony sweet and fluted Like the nightingale? Why do the birds sing so In the gender grass, Flitting from bough to bough With the winds that pass? And why does the crystal springRun among the flowers While lullaby zephyrs sing Like its crystal showers? I see the dawn in the east With beauty endowed. Why goes she to a feast In a carmine cloud? Sweet mother, they celebrate You natal day The rose with her scent innate, The bird with his lay MY LAST FAREWELL (Mi Ultimo Adios) Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime the sun caress’d, Peal of the orient seas, our Eden lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life’s best, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest, Still would I give three, nor count the cost. On the field of battle,’mid the frenzy of fight, Others have given theirs lives, without doubt or breed;The place not matters-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or open-plain, combat or martyrdom’s plight, It’s ever the same, to serve our home and country’s need. I die just when I see the dawn break Though the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking my blood shalt take, Pour’d out at need for they dear sake, To dye with its crimson the walking ray. My dreams, when life first opened to me, My dreams when the hopes of youth beat high, Were to see thy lov’d face, O gem of the Orient sea, From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eyes.Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, All hail! Cris the soul that is now to tale fight; All hail! And sweet it is for thee to expire; To die for thy sake, that thou may’st aspires; And sleep in thy blossom eternity’s lo ng night. If over my grave some day thou sees grow, In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Draw to thy lips and kiss my soul so, While I feel on my brow in the cold tomb below The tough of thy tenderness, thy breath’s warm power. Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Let the wind sad lament over me keen; And if on my cross a bird should be seen,Let it thrill there is hymn of peace to my aches. Let the sun draw vapors up to the sky, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest; Let some kind soul o’er my untimely fate sigh, And in the still evening a pray be lifted on high, From there, O my country, that in God I may rest. Pray for all those that hapless have died, For all who have suffered the unmeasr’d pain; For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried; For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried; And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain. And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around, With only the dead in their vigil to see;Break not my repose or thy mystery profound, And perchance thou mayst bear a sad hymn resound; Tis I, O my country, raising a song unto thee. When even my grace is remembered no more, Unmark’d by never a cross nor a stone; Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o’er, That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor, Before into nothingness at last they are blown. Then will oblivion bring me no care, As over thy Wales and plains I sweep; Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air, With color and light, with a song and lament I fare, Ever repeating the faith I keep. My Fatherlands ador’d that sadness to my sorrow l ends,Beloved Filipino, hear now my last goodbye! Fir I go where no slave before the oppressor bends, Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e’er on high! Farewell to you all, my soul torn away, Friends of my childhood in the home of dispossessed! Give thanks that I rest in the wearisome day! Farwell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way; Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest! TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (Theme: â€Å"Grow, O Timid Flower†) Hold high the brow serene, O youth, where now you stand, Let the bright sheen Of your grace be seen, Fair hope of my fatherland! Come now, thou genius grand,And bring down the inspiration; With thy mighty hand, Swifter than eager mind to higher station. Come down with pleasing light OF art and sciences to the flight, O youth, and there untie The chains that heavy lie, Your spirit free to bright. See how in flaming zone Amid the shadows thrown The Spaniard’s holy land A crown’s resplendent band Proffers to this Indian land. Thou, who now would rise On wings of rich empires, Seek from Olympian skies Song of sweetest strain, Soften than ambrosial rain. Thou whose voice divine Rivals Philomel’s refrain, And with varied line Through the night benign Frees mortality from pain.Thou, who by short strife Wakest thy mind to life; And the memory bright Of thy genius light Makes immortal in its strength. And thou, in accents clear Of Phoebus, to Apollo’s dear; OR by the brush’s magic art Takest form nature’s store a part To fix on the simple canvas’ length. Go forth, and then sacred fire OF they genius to the laurel may aspire; To spread around the flame, And in variety acclaim, Through under spheres the human name. Day, O happy day, Fair Filipinas, for my land! So bless the Power today That places in thy way This favor and this fortune grand. THEY ASK ME FOR VERSES You bid now to strike the lyre,That mute and torn so long has lain; And yet I cannot wake the stain, Nor will the Muse one note inspire! Coldly, it shakes in accents dire, As if my soul itself tow ring, And when its sound seems but to fling A jest at its own low lament; So in said isolate pent, My soul can neither feel nor sing. There was a time-ah-it’s too true- But that time long ago has past- When upon me the Muse had cast Indulgent smile and friendship’s due; But of that age now all too few The thoughts that with me yet will stay; As from the hours of festive play There linger on mysterious notes, And in our minds the memory floats Of minstrelsy and music gay.A plant I am, that scarcely grown, Was torn out its Eastern bed, Where all round perfume is shed And life but as a dream is known; The land that I can call my own By me forgotten ne’er to be. Where thrilling birds their song taught me, And cascades with their ceaseless roar And all along the spreading shore The murmurs of the sounding sea. While yet in childhood’s happy day, I learn upon its sun y o smile, And in my breast there seems the while Seething volcanic fires to play, A bard I was, my wish always To call upon the fleeting wind, ‘’Go forth, and spread around its flame, From zone to zone worth glad a cclaim,And earth to heaven together bind! † But it left, and now no more- Like a tree that is broken and sure- My natal gods bring the echo clear, OF songs that in past times they bore; Wide seas I cross’d to foreign shore, With hope of change and other fate, My folly was made clear too late, For in the place of good I sought The seas reveal’s unto naught, But made death’s specre on me wait. All these fond fancies that were mine, All love, all feeling, all emprise, Were left, beneath the sunny skies; Which o’er that flowery region shine; So press no more the plea of mine, For song of love from out of heart That coldly lies tortur’d soul I hasteUnresting o’re the desert waste, And lifeless gone is all the art. TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers. Sown by the traveler on his way. And there, beneath its azure sky, Where all my affections lie; There from the weary pilgrim say, What faith is his in that land of ours! Go there and tell how when the dawn, Her early light diffusing. Your petals first flung open wide; His steps beside chill Necker drawn, You see him silent by your side. Upon its spring perennial musing. Saw how when mornings light, 3All your fragrance stealing, Whispers to you as in mirth, Playful songs of Love’s delight,He, too, murmurs his love’s feeling In the tongue he learned at birth. That when the sun of Keenigstuhl’s height Pours out its golden flood, And with its slowly warming light Gives light to vale and grove and wood, He greets that sun, here only uprising, Which in his native land is at its zenith blazing. All tell thereof that day he stood, Near to a ruin’d or shady wood, And pluck’d you from beside the way Tell, too, that tale to you addressed, And how with tender care, You bending leaves he press ’d Twist pages of some volume rare. Bear them, O flowers, love’s message bear; My love to all the lov’d ones there,Peace to my country-fruitful land – Faith whereon its son may stand, And virtue for its daughter’ care; All those beloved creatures greet, That still around home’s altar meet. And when you come unto its shore, This kiss I now on you bestow, Fling where the winged breezes blow; That borne on them it may hover o’er All that I love, esteem, and adore. But though, O flowers, you come unto that land, And still perchance, your colors hold; So far from this heroic strand, Still here you fragrance will expand: Your soul that never quits the earth Whose life smiled on you at your birth. \ THE SONG OF MARIA CLARASweet are the hours in one native land, Where all is dear the sunbeams bless; Life-giving breezes sweep the strand, And death is softened by love’s cares. Warm kisses play on mother’s lips, On her fond, tender breast awakening; When around her neck the soft am slips, And bright eyes smile, all love partaking. Sweet is death for one’s native land, Where all is der the sun beams bless; Death is the breeze that sweeps the strand, Without a mother, home, or love’s caress THE SONG OF THE TRAVELLER Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole; Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,Roams without love, without country or soil. Following anxiously treacherous fortune; Fortune which ne’er as he grasp as it flees, Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas. Ever impelled by the invisible power, Destined to roam from the East and West; Of the remembers the faces of love ones, Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest. Chance may assign him tomb of the desert, Grant him a final asylum of peace; Soon by the world and his country forgotten, God rest his soul when his wanderings cease! Often the sorrowing pilgrim is envied, Circling the globe like a seagull above;Little, ah, little they know what a void Saddens his soul be the absences of love. Home may the pilgrim return in the future, Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends, Naught will he find our snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends. Pilgrims, begone! Nor return more hereafter, Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth; Others may sing of their love while rejoicing, Thou once again must roam o’er the earth. Pilgrim, begone! Nor return hereafter, Dry are the tears that awhile for thee ran; Pilgrim, begone! And forget thine affliction, Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man. * HYMMN TO LABORChorus: For our country in war For our country in peace The Filipino will be ready While he lives and when he dies. Men: As soon as the East is tinted with the light Forth to the fields to plow the loam! Since it is work that sustains the man, The motherland, family, and the home. Hard though the soil may prove to be, Implacable the sun above, For motherland, our wives and babes, T’will is easy with our love. Wives: Courageously set out to work, You home is safe with a faithful wife Implanting in her children, love For wisdom, land and virtuous life. When nightfall brings us to our rest, May smiling fortune guard our door;But if cruel fate should harm her man, The wife would toil on as before. Girls: Hail! Hail! Give praise to work! The country’s vigor and her wealth; For work lift up you brow serene I is your blood, your life, your health. If any youth protest his love His works hall proves if he is good. That man alone who strives and toils Can find the way to feed his brood. Boys: Teach us then the hardest task For down thy trails we turn our feet That when our country calls tomorrow Thy purposes, we may complete. And may our elders say, who see us, See! How worthy of their sires! No incense can exalt our dead ones Like a brave son who aspires. Rizal free essay sample He had little enough money for his own needs, let alone the cost of the Noli’s publication†¦ Characteristically, Rizal would not hear of asking his friends for help. He did not want to compromise them. Viola insisted on lending him the money (P300 for 2,000 copies); Rizal at first demurred†¦ Finally Rizal gave in and the novel went to press. The proofs were delivered daily, and one day the messenger, according to Viola, took it upon himself to warn the author that if he ever returned to the Philippines he would lose his head.Rizal was too enthralled by seeing his work in print to do more than smile. The printing apparently took considerably less time than the original estimate of five months for Viola did not arrive in Berlin until December and by the 21st March 1887, Rizal was already sending Blumentritt a copy of my first book. [pic] Rizal, himself, describing the nature of the Noli Me Tangere to his friend Blumentritt, wrote, The Novel is the first impartial and bold account of the life of the tagalogs. We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Filipinos will find in it the history of the last ten years†¦ Criticism and attacks against the Noli and its author came from all quarters. An anonymous letter signed A Friar and sent to Rizal, dated February 15, 1888, says in part: How ungrateful you are†¦ If you, or for that matter all your men, think you have a grievance, then challenge us and we shall pick up the gauntlet, for we are not cowards like you, which is not to say that a hidden hand will not put an end to your life. A special committee of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, at the request of the Archbishop Pedro Payo, found and condemned the novel as heretical, impious, and scandalous in its religious aspect, and unpatriotic, subversive of public order and harmful to the Spanish government and its administration of theses islands in its political aspect. On December 28, 1887, Fray Salvador Font, the cura of Tondo and chairman of the Permanent Commission of Censorship composed of laymen and ordered that the circulation of this pernicious book be absolutely prohibited.Not content, Font caused the circulation of copies of the prohibition, an a ct which brought an effect contrary to what he desired. Instead of what he expected, the negative publicity awakened more the curiosity of the people who managed to get copies of the book. Assisting Father Font in his aim to discredit the Noli was an Augustinian friar by the name of Jose Rodriguez. In a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Cayo (Beware). Fr. Rodriguez warned the people that in reading the book they commit mortal sin, considering that it was full of heresy.As far as Madrid, there was furor over the Noli, as evidenced by an article which bitterly criticized the novel published in a Madrid newspaper in January, 1890, and written by one Vicente Barrantes. In like manner, a member of the Senate in the Spanish Cortes assailed the novel as anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic. It is well to note that not detractors alone visibly reacted to the effects of the Noli. For if there were bitter critics, another group composed of staunch defenders found every reason to justify its publication and circulation to the greatest number of Filipinos.For instance, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, cleverly writing under an assumed name Dolores Manapat, successfully circulated a publication that negated the effect of Father Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, Del Pilar’s piece was entitled Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an Eel). Deceiving similar in format to Rodriguez’ Caiingat Cayo, the people were readily misled into getting not a copy o Rodriguez’ piece but Del Pillar’s. The Noli Me Tangere found another staunch defender in the person of aCatholic theologian of the Manila Cathedral, in Father Vicente Garcia. Under the pen-name Justo Desiderio Magalang. Father Garcia wrote a very scholarly defense of the Noli, claiming among other things that Rizal cannot be an ignorant man, being the product of Spanish officials and corrupt friars; he himself who had warned the people of committing mortal sin if they read the novel had therefore committed such sin for he has read the novel.Consequently, realizing how much the Noli had awakened his countrym en, to the point of defending his novel, Rizal said: Now I die content. Fittingly, Rizal found it a timely and effective gesture to dedicate his novel to the country of his people whose experiences and sufferings he wrote about, sufferings which he brought to light in an effort to awaken his countrymen to the truths that had long remained unspoken, although not totally unheard of. Rizal free essay sample (1877-78)- Rizal finishing the first? year of a course in Philosophy and Letters. He transferred to the? medical course. ? MOTHER’S OPPOSITION TO? HIGHER EDUCATION Rizal had to go the University of? Santo Tomas for higher studies. The? Bachelor of Arts course. Don Francisco and Paciano – who? wanted Jose pursue higher learning in the university ? RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY? April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly? 16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters. Rizal enrolled in this course for 2? reasons: 1. His father liked it? 2. He was â€Å"still uncertain as to what? career to pursue†. ? Fr. Pablo Ramon- Rector o the Ateneo ,who have been good to him during his student days in that college, asking for advice on the choice f a career. (1877-78)- Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy in the University of Santo Tomas during his first- year term. We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (1878-79)- Rizal took up the medical course. ? FINISHES? SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO (1878) (1877-78) – Rizal took he vocational? course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor). November 25, 1881- At the age of 17? Rizal passed the final examination in the surveying course. ? Dominicans- who loves and? inspires Rizal to ascend to greater heights of knowledge ? Leonor Valenzuela- Rizal’s met her? when he was a sophomore student at the University of Santo Tomas. she was a charming? Manila girl who was living next door to Rizal’s boarding house. Romances lasted one? year ? Leonor Rivera- The beautiful daughter? of his landlord Antonio Rivera. Rizal’s? fell in love with Leonor. Sweetheart of Rizal? Tender romances lasted? 11 years (1879-1890) ? Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino? Youth)- Poem entitled by Rizal ? The price winning poem 1879 – Liceo Artistic- Literario? (Artistic- Literary Lyceum) of Manila- held the literary contest. ? VICTIMS OF SPANISH OFFICER’S? BRUTALITY Rizal was a freshman medical student at? the University of Santo Tomas when he experience Spanish brutality. General Primo de Rivera- Spanish? governor general of the Philippines March 21, 1887- a letter to Blumentritt.? ? Literary contest to commemorate the 4th? centennial of the death of Cervantes. Don Quixote- Spain’s glorified man-of-? letters and famous author El consejo de los Dioses (the council of? the God ? OTHER LITERARY WORKS? -Poems and Zarzuela (December? 8,1880) -Junto al Pasig? -Sonnet entitled A Filipinas (1880)? Poem entitled Abd-el-Azis y? Mahoma (1879) -Poem entitled Al M. R. P. Pablo? Ramon ? RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND? PAGSANJAN Rizal still study in University of Santo? Tomas. Vicenta Ybardolaza- who skillfully? played the harp at the Regalado home Noli Me Tangere? ? CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS Companarism ? UNHAPPY AT THE UST? 1. The Dominican professors were? hostile him 2. The Filipino students racially? 3. The Filipino students against by? experience 4. Th method of instruction.? El Fulibistirismo? ? DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD? Rizal decided to study in Spain? ? ? CHAPTER V: AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 1877 82 â€Å" O Youth, illuminated by the arts and letters. Stride fourth into arena, break down the heavy Fetters that bind your genius down, for in These topic regions were untortured darkness Once held sway, the wise and kindly Spanish Hand bestows today a splendid crown Upon the native of, the Eastern land. † -Jose Rizal ? 2 courses enrolled at UST Philsophyand Letters (1877 – 1878) Medicine Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning Dona Teodora opposed this AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 01 ? RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY April 1877, Rizal at 16 years old, entered University of Santo Tomas 2 reasons why he enrolled Philosophy and Letters His father liked it He was not sure what career to pursue FATHER PABLO RAMON Rector of the Ateneo, Rizal asked for advice on the choice of career Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy He took up a medical course 1878-1879 because; he followed AteneoRector’s advice wanted to be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 02 ? FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO 1878 He took a vocational course in Ateneo during his first term in UST The course lead to the title peritoagrimensor(expert surveyor) He passed the final examination at the age of 17 He was granted the title on November 25, 1881 His loyalty to Ateneocontinued President of the Academy of Spanish Literature Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences Secretary of the Marian Congregation AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 03 ? ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS SEGUNDA KATIGBAK 14 yr. old Batanguena and engaged to Manuel Luz â€Å"MISS L† A girl with seductive eyes The romance died a natural death because: The sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart His father did not like the family of â€Å"Miss L† AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 04 ? LEONOR VALENZUELA Daughter of Capitan Juan and CapitanaSandayValenzuela, their neighbors who were from Pagsanjan, Laguna Her pet name was â€Å"Orang† Rizal sent notes to her made with invisible ink (salt solution) LEONOR RIVERA Jose boarded in Casa Tomasina (No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros) Daughter of his landlord-uncle from Camiling, Antonio Rivera She was a student at La Concordia College, also the school of Soledad, Jose’s youngest sister Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867 She used the name â€Å"Taimis† in her letters to Rizal AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 05 ? VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER’S BRUTALITY Setting: Dark night, summer vacation 1878. Calamba He passed by a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil but failed to recognize the latter Insulted, the lieutenant slashed Jose’s back with his sword Jose reported to General Primo de Rivera, Spanish governor general, but no resolution was done because of racial discrimination AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 06 ? TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879) -Literary contest by Artistico-Literario (Artisitic- Literary Lyceum) Rizal, 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina(To the Filipino Youth) The first prize, a feather shaped, gold ribbon decorated silver pen was given to Rizal In the poem, Rizal beseeched the Filipino to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people. The poem is a classic. Two reasons: It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners were the â€Å"fair hope of the Fatherland. † AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 07 ? THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880) Another literary contest by the Artistic-Literary Lyceum to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish and author of Don Quixote. Manuel De Cervantes – Spain’s glorified man of letter Rizal submitted an allegorical drama,El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods) The allegory was based on Greek classics Rizal was aided by Father Rector of the Ateneo in securing the needed reference materials The contest was participated by priest, laymen, professors of UST, newspapermen and scholars. Rizal won the first price; he received a gold ring engraved with bust of Cervantes. D. N. Del Puzo – a Spanish writer won the 2nd price AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 08 ? OTHER LITERARY WORKS 1879: Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma A poem, declaimed by an Atenean, manuel Fernandez on December 8, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’sPatroness 1880: Junto al Pasig(Beside the Pasig) A zarzuela, staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880 on the Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo. Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish Literature 1880: A Filipinas A sonnet, for the album of the Society of Sculptors Rizal urged all Filipino artist to glorify the Philippines 1881: Al M. R. P. Pablo Ramon A poem, an expression of affection to Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneorector AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 09 ? RIZAL’S VISIT TO PAKIL AND PAGSANJAN May 1881 Jose, along with his sisters Saturnina, Maria, and Trinidad and female friends went on a pilgrimate to Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores. They boarded a casco(a flat-bottom sailing vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna They stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, parents of Nicolas, Rizal’s friend in Manila The company witnessed the famous turumba, the people dancing in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores Rizal was infatuated by VicentaYbardolaza She was skillful in playing the harp at the Regalado home Rizal and his party then went to Pagsanjan for two reasons It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela To see the world famed Pagsanjan Falls AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 10 ? CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the Spaniards 1880: Rizal founded Companerismo(Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino UST students. The members were called â€Å"Companions of Jehu†. He was the chief of the society. His cousin, GalicanoApacible was the secretary. In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on the head. Hisfriends brought him to Casa Tomasinawhere Leonor Rivera took care of him. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 11 ? UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican institution because: The Dominican professors were hostile to him The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. He failed to win high scholastic honors due to the attitude of his professors. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 12 ? DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD Rizal decided to study in Spain after finishing the fourth year of his medical course. The people who approved this are the following: His older brother Paciano His sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia Uncle Antonio Rivera The Valenzuela family Some friends The people who did not know of his decision are the following: Rizal’s parents Leonor Rivera Spanish authorities AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS 13 ? 2. CHAPTER V1:IN SUNNY SPAIN ? 3. MAY 3, 1882 – Rizal left Manila He joined Propaganda Movement and became a Mason and worked with Filipino patriots in seeking reforms. SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN PERSONS WHO KNOWS RIZAL’S DEPARTURE PacianoAntonio RiveraJesuit FathersClose Friends ? 4. Php 700. 00 with diamond ring – given by Paciano to RizalPhp 35. 00 – allowance per month; to be send by Pacianoand his uncle AntonioJOSE MERCADO – name appeared in his passportMANUEL T. HIDALGO – sender of telegram; he tells that the Spanish steamer SALVADORAwas scheduled to sail to SingaporeMAY 1, 1882 – he left Calamba by CARROMATA, reaching Manila after 10 hoursSANTO DOMINGO CHURCH – he attended the mass before leaving JOSE M. CECILIO (Chengoy) – Rizal’s close friend, one of his close friends who know his departure ? 5. SINGAPORE Founded by SIR THOMAS RAFFLES The SALVADORA reached the English colony of Singapore on May 9. Rizal logged in HOTEL DE LAPAZ for 2 days. FIRST TRIP TO SUEZ CANAL DJEMNAH – a French steamer; sailed to Europe MAY 26 he saw the coast of AFRICA He called this as â€Å"AN INHOSPITABLE LAND BUT FAMOUS†ADEN hotter than the Philippines; he saw camels and Arabian horsesJUNE 2 He arrived at the city of SUEZSUEZ CANAL a historic waterway constructed by ENGR. FERDINAND DE LESSEPS ? 6. NAPLES AND MARSEILLES JUNE 11 – Rizal reached Naples, an Italian city Rizal was fascinated by MOUNT VESUVIUS and CASTLE OF ST. TELMO. He visited CHATEAU d’LF, where Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo was imprisoned. Rizal stayed here for 2 ? days. BARCELONA MAY 16, 1882 – he reached BARCELONA; the greatest city of CATALUNA and Spain’s 2nd largest cityLAM RAMBLAS – famous street in BarcelonaPLAZA DE CATALUNA – welcome party for Rizal was made by Rizal’s schoolmates at Ateneo ? 7. AMOR PATRIO (Love of Country) – he wrote it in Barcelona; this is a nationalistic essay written in Spanish soil under the pseudonym of Dimas – AlangPublished in two text Spanish – Rizal Filipino – M. H. del Pilar DIARYONG TAGALOG – first Manila bilingual newspaper FRANCISCO CALVO – editor of DiaryongTagalog; member of editorial staffTWO PEN NAMES USED BY RIZAL DIMAS – ALANG – used in joining the Masonry LAONG LAAN – used in his essayTHREE ARTICLES FOR DIARYONG TAGALOG Amor Patrio (Love of Country) Los Viajes (Travels)Revistade Madrid (Review of Madrid) – it was returned to him because of financial reasons Then Rizal moves to Madrid. ? 8. SAD NEWS FROM HOME Spread of Cholera that was ravaging Manila and other provinces Leonor Rivera was getting thinner because of an absence of a loved one. LIFE IN MADRID- He enrolled at UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID (Central University of Madrid)- 2 courses enrolled (MEDICINE, PHILOSOPHY LETTERS)- Took lessons at the Academy of San Carlos (Painting Sculpture)- He also took private lessons in (GERMAN, FRENCH ENGLISH) ? 9. THEY ASKED ME FOR VERSES Rizal joined the CIRCULO HISPANO FILIPINO which is a society of Spaniards and Filipino. Rizal was requested to create a poem which was declaimed upon December 31, 1882. RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS SENOR ROCES – owner of store where Rizal purchased 2ndhand books Rizal was deeply affected by BEELCHESS STOWE’S â€Å"UNCLE TOM’S CABIN† EUGENE SUE’S â€Å"THE WONDERIGN JEW†. Rizal also visited PARIS for the first time and he said that â€Å"PARIS IS THE COSTLIEST CAPITAL IN EUROPE†. ? 10. RIZAL BECOMES A MASON Rizal got contacts with the Liberal and Republican Masons. In 1883, he joined the MASONIC LODGE ACACIA in Madrid adopting the Masonic name DIMAS – ALANG. REASONS WHY HE JOINED MASONRY The bad friars in the Philippines, by their abuses unworthy of their priestly habit, drove Rizal to desperation and to masonry. He needed to help the masons to fight the bad friars in the Philippines. Upon November 15, 1892 he became the master mason ofLODGE SOLIDARIDAD and on February 15, 1892 he became the master mason of LE GRAND DE ORIENT FRANCE in Paris. ? 11. TWO TITANS OF THE BRUSH JUAN LUNA – 1st price for his SPOLIARIUM, he received as gold medalFELIX HIDALGO 2nd price for his CHRISTIAN VIRGINS EXPOSE TO THE POPULACE TWO COURSES FINISHED IN MADRID Doctor of MedicineLicentiate of Philosophy and Letters ? CHAPTER VII: PARIS TO BERLIN (1885 87 ? Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. He chose this branch because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment. IN GAY PARIS (1885-86) After studying at the Central University of Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 yrs old, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology. ? MAXIMO VIOLA – a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan SENOR EUSEBIO COROMINAS – editor of La Publicidad DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – owner of La Publicidad and a statesman Rizal gave Editor Corominas (an article on the Carolines Question) NOVEMBER 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist. JUAN LUNA – great master of the brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in Luna’s paintings. â€Å"The Death of Cleopatra† – where Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest â€Å"The Blood Compact† – Rizal posed as Sikatuna ? RIZAL AS MUSICIAN Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He studied music only because many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons. He told Enrique Lete that he â€Å"learned the solfeggio, piano, and voice culture in one month and a half†. He is also a flutist. Some of his compositions are: AlinMangLahi (Any Race) – a pariotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom La Deportacion (Deportation) – a sad danza, composed in Dapitan ? IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG FEBRUARY 3, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantics surroundings. He became popular among the Germans because they found out that he was a good chess player. He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, distinguished German ophthalmologist. ? â€Å"TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG† APRIL 22, 1886 – Rizal wrote a fine poem entitled â€Å"A Las Flores de Heidelberg† (To the Flowers of Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which is the light blue flower called â€Å"forget- me-not†. WITH PASTOR ULLMER AT WILHELMSFELD Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld where he stayed at the place of a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer. The pastor has a wife and two children named Etta and Fritz. ? FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT JULY 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter to Professor FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT who is the Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. Blumentritt is an Austrian ethnologist and he has an interest in the Philippine language. Rizal sent Aritmetica (Arithmetic) book to Blumentritt which was published in 2 languages Spanish and Tagalog – by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. The author was RufinoBaltazar Hernandez. Blumentritt became the best friend of Rizal. ? FIFTH CENTENARY OF HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY The famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1886 where Rizal had witnessed the said celebration. IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN AUGUST 14, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Leipzig He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychology. He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a famous historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German anthropologist. Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was the cheapest in Europe so he stayed for 2 months and a half. On October 29, he went to Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, the Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. ? RIZAL WELCOMED IN BERLIN’S SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice. Some scientists Rizal met are: DR. FEODOR JAGOR – German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW – famous German anthropologist DR. W. JOEST – German geographer DR. KARL ERNEST SCHWEIGGER – famous German ophthalmologist ? RIZAL’S LIFE IN BERLIN Five reasons why Rizal stayed in Berlin: To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology To further his studies of science and languages To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation To associate with famous German scientists and scholars To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere Rizal worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Scweigger, and at night, he attended lectures in the University of Berlin. He also took private lessons in French under Madame Lucie Cerdole. ? RIZAL ON GERMAN WOMEN Rizal sent a letter to his sister, Trinidad, dated on March 11, 1886. In his letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German womanhood. Rizal said that German woman is serious, diligent, educated and friendly. GERMAN CUSTOMS Some of the German customs Rizal admired: On Yuletide season, people will select a pine tree from the bushes and adorned it with lanterns, papers, lights, dolls, candies, fruits, etc. Self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering. ? RIZAL’S DARKEST WINTER The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter. He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. He could not pay his landlord and he was eating only one meal a day. His clothes were old and threadbare. His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment. This is one of the most memorable days in the life of Rizal. Paris to Berlin (1885-87) Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology -He chose this branch because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment He also continued his travels and observations of European life and customs, government and laws in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin In Berlin, Jose met and befriended several top German scientists, Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer and Dr. Rudolf Virchow After his studies in Central University of Madrid, Rizal, who was 24 years old and already a physician, went to Paris in order to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology Maximo Viola(Barcelona) – a medical student and a member of rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan Senor Eusebio Corominas – editor of the newspaper La Publicidad Miguel Morayta – owner of La Publicidad and a statesman Carolines Question – an article Rizal’s gave to Editor Corominas; a controversial issue for publication November 1885 – he was living in Paris Dr. Louis de Weckert(1852-1906) – leading French ophthalmologist where Rizal worked as an assistant about four months January 1, 1886 Rizal wrote a letter for his mother to reveal that he was rapidly improved his knowledge in ophthalmology Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de Taveras(Trinidad, Felix, and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo Juan Luna – the great master of brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in several paintings: 1. â€Å"the Death of Cleopatra†, Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest 2. ‘the Blood Compact†, Rizal posed as Sikatuna Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He studied music only because many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons In a letter dated November 27, 1878, he told Enrique Lete that he â€Å"learned the solfeggio, piano, and voice culture in one month and a half†. He was a flutist in various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris Some of his compositions are: â€Å"Alin Mang Lahi†(Any Race) – a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom â€Å"La Deportacion†(Deportation) – a sad danza, composed in Dapitan during his exile February 1, 1886 – left gay Paris February 3, 1886 – arrived in Heidelberg(a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings Rizal was a good chess player and became a member of Chess Player’s Club He became popular among German students because he joined them in their chess games and beer-drinking and watched their friendly saber duels He worked at the University of Heidelberg under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, German ophthalmologist He was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River The light blue â€Å"forget-me-not† – his favorite flower April 22, 1886 – he wrote a fine poem â€Å"A Las Flores de Heidelberg†(To the Flowers of Heidelberg) Wilhelmsfeld where Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation Protestant Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer where Rizal stay at the vicarage of their house and who become his good friend and admirer May 29, 1887 Rizal wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz) July 31, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Blumentritt August 6, 1886 fifth centenary of Heidelberg University August 9, 1886 Rizal left Heidelberg August 14, 1886 when he arrived in Leipzig Leipzig Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell from German into Tagalog. He also translated Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Anderson. He stayed about two and half month in Leipzig October 29, 1886 he left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr. Meyer Dr. Adolph B. Meyer  ± director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum Nov. 1 he left Dresden by train, reaching Berlin in the evening Berlin where Rizal met Dr. Teodor Jagor Dr. Feodor Jagor author of Travels in the Philippines Dr. Hans Virchow professor of Descriptive Anatomy Dr. Rudolf Virchow – German Anthropologist Dr. W. Joest noted German geographer Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger famous German ophthalmologist where Jose worked in his clinic Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society Ethnological Society Geographical Society of Berlin Five reasons why Rizal lived in Germany: Gain further knowledge of ophthalmology Further his studies of sciences and languages Observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation Associate with famous German scientists and scholars Publish his novel, Noli me Tangere Madame Lucie Cerdole French professor; she became Jose’s professor in Berlin. He took private lessons in French in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the French language March 11, 1886 Rizal wrote a letter addressed to his sister, Trinidad, expressing his high regard and admiration for German womanhood German woman serious, diligent, educated and friendly Spanish woman gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome Christmas custom of the Germans Self-introduce to stranger in social gathering Winter of 1886 – Rizal’s darkest winter in Berlin. He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba. Rizal starved in Berlin and shivered with wintry cold, his health down due to lack of proper nourishment View of the modernized building where Dr. Rizal had resided in Berlin ? Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal ? CHAPTER VII: NOLI ME TANGERE ? February 21,1887- the first novel Noli Me Tangere was finished IDEA OF WRITING ON PHILIPPINES: The reading of Harriet Beecher Stowesâ€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin†- which portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro, Slaves, inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to prepare a novel on the Philippines Rizal was a student in the Central University of Madrid Rizal proposed is writing of a novel about the Philippines during the reunion of Filipinos in the house of the Paternos in Madrid on January 2,1884 ? His proposal was unanimously approved by: Pedro Maximo Antonio They were Paternos Graciano Lopez Jaena Evaristo Aguirre Julio Llorente Valentin Ventura Eduardo De Lete ? The end of 1884-Rizal began writing the novel in madrid and he finished one half of it 1885 He went to Paris for completing his studies in the Universidad Central De Madrid He continued writing the novel, finishing the one half of the second half. GERMANY 1886 During the dark days While his spirit was at its lowest ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the fire The novel was almost finished ? He was desperately desponded because he saw no hope of having it to published for he was utterly penniless FERNANDO CANON- friend of Rizal MID DECEMBER- a telegram from Barcelona arrived THE TELEGRAM Sent by Dr. Maximo Viola, informing Rizal of his coming visit to Berlin ? The message revived the author’s Hope Dr. Maximo Viola A scion of a rich family of San Miguel Bulacan Would surely lend him the money for the publication of the novel The man had saved â€Å"Noli† Viola was a Godsend Viola came to Berlin to invite Rizal to join him in a tour of Europe When he learned of Rizal’s predicament, he kindly agreed to postponed the tour and instead, advanced some money so that the novel could be printed ? 1887 First edition of Noli Me Tangere was printed in Berlin P300. oo cost of printing (advance by Viola) for 2000 copies MARCH 29,1887 Rizal gave the Galley Proofs of the Noli A significant date for it was the date when the Noli Me Tangere came off the press NOLI ME TANGERE a latin phrase which means â€Å"Touch me not†, from the bible ? MARCH 1887 Rizal writing to Felix R. Hidalgo in french â€Å"Noli Me Tangere† words taken from the gospel of St. Luke Rizal made a mistake. It should be the gospel of St. John, on the first Easter Sunday St. John(chapter 20:13-17) ST. MARY MAGDALENE visited the Holy Sepulchre, and to her our Lord Jesus, just arisen from the dead ? The author’s dedication. Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines â€Å"to my country† his dedication runs as follows: Recorded in the history of human sufferings is a cancer so malignant a character that the least touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest pains. Thus, how many times, when in the midst of modern civilization i have wished to call thee before me, now to accompany me in memories ? Now to compare thee with other countries, hath thy dear image presented itself showing a social cancer like a to that other! Desiring thy welfare which our own, an seeking the best treatments, i will do with thee what the ancient did with their seek exposing them on the steps of the temple so that everyone who came to invoke the divinity might ofer them a remedy. ? And to this end, Iwill strive to reproduce thy condition faithfully, without discrimination, Iwill raise a part of the veil that covers the evil, sacrificing to truth everything, even vanity itself. Since, as thy son i am conscious that Ialso suffer from thy defects and weaknesses. ? NOLI ME TANGERE Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue It begins the reception given by Captain Tiago (Santiago De Los Santos) at his house in CalleAnloague ( Now Juan Luna Street) on the last day of October CRISOSTOMO IBARRA A young and rich Filipino who had just turn after 7 years of study in Europe ? The reception or dinner was given in honor of Crisostomo Was only son of Don Rafael Ibarra DON RAFAEL IBARRA Friend of CapitanTiago and fiance of beautiful Maria Clara supposed daugther of Capitan Tiago GUEST DURING RECEPTION Padre Damaso- a Franciscan Friar who had been priest of San Diego( Calamba), Ibarra’s native town for 20 years ? 2. Padre Sibyla-a young dominican parish priest of Binondo 3. Senor Guevara an elderly and kind lieutenant of the GuardiaCivil DON TIBURCIO de ESPADANA a bogus Spanish Physician , lame, and henpeckeadhusband of Dona Victorina and several ladies. PADRE DAMASO was in a bad mood because he got a bony neck and hard wing of the chicken Tinola. he tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks. ? =AFTER DINNER= Ibarra Left captain Tiago’s house to return to his hotel. On the way, the kind lieutenant Guevarratold him the sad story of his father’s death in San Diego. Don Rafael – his father, was a rich and brave man. He defended a helpless boy from the brutality of a illiterate Spanish tax collector, pushing the latter and accidentally killing him. He was thrown in prison, where he died unhappily. ? He was buried in consecrated ground but his enemies, accusing him of being a heretic, had his body removed from the cemetery. On hearing his father’s sad story, Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish lieutenant and vowed to find out the truth about his father’s death. ? =THE FOLLOWING MORNING= Ibarra, visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart Maria Clara teasingly said that he had forgotten her because the girls in Germany were beautiful, then Ibarra replied that he had never forgotten her. After the romantic reunion with Maria Clara, Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father’s grave. It was All Saint’s Day.. at the cemetery, the grave –digger told Ibarra that the corpse of Don Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest to be buried in the Chinese cemetery. ? But the corpse was heavy and it was a dark rainy night so that he simply threw the corpse into the lake. Ibarra was angered by the grave-diggers story. He left the cemetery. On the way, he met Padre Salvi Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. In a flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest , demanding redness for desecrating his father’s mortal remains. PADRE SALVI- told him that he had nothing to do with it, for he was not the parish priest at the time of Don Rafael’s death. ? It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was responsible for it. Convinced of Padre Salvi’sinnosence, Ibarra went away. In his town, Ibarra met several interesting people, such as the wise old man Tasio the Sage, whose ideas were too advanced for his times so that the people, who could not understand him, called him â€Å"Tasio the Lunatic†. The progressive school teacher, who complied to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in thier studies because of lack f a proper schoolhouse and discouraging attitude of the parish priest toward teaching of Spanish and the use of modern method of PEDAGOGY. ? The spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to wishes of the Spanish priest: Don FilipoLino the ten

Kernel Sentence Definition and Examples

Kernel Sentence Definition and Examples In transformational grammar, a kernel sentence is a  simple declarative construction with only one verb. A kernel sentence is always active and affirmative. Also known as a basic sentence or a kernel. The concept of the kernel sentence was introduced in 1957 by linguist Z.S. Harris and featured in the early work of linguist Noam Chomsky. Examples and Observations According to writer Shefali Moitra, A kernel sentence does not contain any optional expression and is simple in the sense that it is unmarked in mood, therefore, it is indicative. It is also unmarked in voice, therefore, it is active rather than passive. And, finally, it is unmarked in polarity, therefore, it is a positive rather than a negative sentence. An example of a kernel sentence is The man opened the door, and an example of a non-kernel sentence is The man did not open the door.M.P. Sinha, PhD, scholar and writer, offers more examples: Even a sentence with an adjective, gerund, or infinitive is not a kernel sentence.(i) This is a black cow is made of two kernel sentences.This is a cow and The cow is black.(ii) I saw them crossing the river is made of I saw them and They were crossing the river.(iii) I want to go is made of I want and I go. Chomsky on Kernel Sentences According to American linguist, Noam Chomsky, [E]very sentence of the language will either belong to the kernel or will be derived from the strings underlying one or more kernel sentences by a sequence of one or more transformations. . . . [I]n order to understand a sentence it is necessary to know the kernel sentences from which it originates (more precisely, the terminal strings underlying these kernel sentences) and the phrase structure of each of these elementary components, as well as the transformational history of development of the given sentence from those kernel sentences. The general problem of analyzing the process understanding is thus reduced, in a sense, to the problem of explaining how kernel sentences are understood, these being considered the basic content elements from which the usual, more complex sentences of real life are formed by transformational development. Transformations British linguist P. H. Matthews says, A kernel clause which is both a sentence and a simple sentence, like His engine has stopped or The police have impounded his car, is a kernel sentence. Within this model, the construction of any other sentence, or any other sentence that consists of clauses, will be reduced to that of kernel sentences wherever possible. Thus the following: The police have impounded the car which he left outside the stadium. is a kernel clause, with transforms Have the police impounded the car which he left outside the stadium? and so on. It is not a kernel sentence, as it is not simple. But the relative clause, which he left outside the stadium, is a transform of the kernel sentences He left a car outside the stadium, He left the car outside the stadium, He left a bicycle outside the stadium, and so on. When this modifying clause is set aside, the remainder of the main clause, The police have impounded the car, is itself a kernel sentence. Sources Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures, 1957; rev. ed, Walter de Gruyter, 2002. Matthews, P. H. Syntax. Cambridge University Press, 1981. Moitra, Shefali. Generative Grammar and Logical Form. Logic Identity and Consistency, edited by Pranab Kumar Sen. Allied Publishers, 1998. Sinha, M.P., PhD, Modern Linguistics. Atlantic Publishers, 2005.

Asian Immigrants in the Us

Asian immigrant families are faced with many challenges upon their arrival in the United States of America. One of the problems Asian immigrants face is fitting in. Asians have always been more traditional and family oriented. When they do things, they do it for their family. For generations parents have ingrained in their childrens mind that family is the most important thing in the world. That is not necessarily a bad thing, but its taught in a way that one must do everything for their family and not themselves. One author states that if one was to ask an Asian immigrant student what they want to do in their life they would most likely say something along the lines of being an engineer, and if one was to ask for an explanation as to why they choose that profession, the most common answer would be somewhere along the lines of â€Å"its for my family† or â€Å"because thats what my family wants me to do† (Eli Lieber 190). Author Eli Lieber explains that for an individual to go against his or her familys wishes is a big taboo for Asians (192). It is seen as an act of rebellion and a way of bringing disgrace to their family. Simple things such as following ones dream of becoming a famous singer, actor, or baker can be seen in the negative light in the Asian community. However, from an Americans perspective it is seen in the positive light as a strong willed individual just chasing their American dream. The American ideology of individuality clashes greatly with the traditional Asian ideology of togetherness. Americans are encouraged to chase after their individual dreams rather than focusing on helping their family. Asian parents encourage their children to become doctors, engineers, lawyers, and other high paying occupations that are well respected by people. American parents also wish for their children to be occupy one of those jobs, but they are also more lenient if their child wishes to be a chef, artist, photographer or any other jobs that arent considered to be as â€Å"important† to society. The differences between ideologies of these two cultures often make it hard for Asians to fit in with Americans simply because they have been taught that togetherness is more important than individuality throughout their whole life. Another problem that Asians are faced with when trying to fit in is the language barrier. Asians often have difficulty learning the English language, especially when they migrate to this country at an older age. The language barrier plays a significant role with their interactions with the native born Americans. Sociology professor, Baek Choi, explains that fluency in the English language plays a significant role in the â€Å"acculturation process of immigrants† (76). Professor Baek Choi goes on to explain that â€Å"acculturation is the process of adaptation and culture modification that occurs as a result of continuous contact between two different and distinct cultures. Oftentimes, it results in the change of beliefs, values and behavior of the immigrants† (197). The more fluent an immigrant is, the more likely they are to interact with the US born citizens simply because they have more confidence in themselves. They are able to understand what is going on around them, and can clearly communicate what it is they want or need with the non-Asian community. However, Asians are more likely to settle in places where there are lots of other Asians rather than venturing out to the non-Asian community. Being around people of their race helps them become more comfortable in their new country. One author states that in some cases these Asian communities become so large they actually resemble their native land (Rong and Grant, Ethnicity). Cities such as Little Saigon, Little Tokyo and Little India have sprung up in Southern California and are a great example for these Asian communities here in the United States. The comfort of these communities limits Asian immigrants contact with the native born Americans. In cases where these immigrants actually have to interact with U. S. Born citizens they often feel uncomfortable and are unable to communicate clearly with them. The difference of ideologies and the language barrier are often the cause for Asian immigrants having a hard time adjusting to their new home country. Things are just too different form what they are used to, and it often takes time for them to adjust properly. Sometimes, the relationship between parents and children become strained due to the new environment. When Asian families migrate to the United States they often bring young children with them. These children sometimes adapt to the new culture a lot faster than their parents because often the children is more exposed to the outside world than the parents. In the article â€Å"An Emergent Leadership Model Based On Confucian Virtues And East Asian Leadership Practices,† Lang, Irby and Brown explains that â€Å"cultural values provide guidance and protocols for peoples thought, attitudes, behaviors, and reactions to external conditions†. When Asian immigrant children are put in public schools they are introduced to the American ideology of individuality through their peers. This concept of individuality is one of Americas cultural values, and it is the exact opposite of the traditional Asian cultural value. As stated in the previous paragraph, Americans embrace the idea of individuality and encourage its citizens to do so, whereas Asian culture is focused more on family and their community as a whole. The introduction of these cultural values at a young age makes it easy for these young immigrants to embrace it. These non-native children, and just all children in general, are often faced with the want and need to â€Å"fit in† especially during their time from middle school to high school. The need to â€Å"fit in† is hard enough for U. S born citizens, but it is especially hard for immigrant adolescents. Culture and health professor of UCLA, Eli Lieber, claims immigrant teenagers are faced with more difficulties during this time of their life than non-immigrant teenagers because they have to find the balance between their two worlds (185). Depending on how close they are to their family or their peers, the teenager could lean towards one culture more than the other. In some cases the need to fit in often over rules the lessons their parents have instilled in their mind of doing things for their family. Like any other teenager, social life becomes more important than their family, and what their friends think is more important than what their family thinks of them. Asian parents often dont understand why this is happening to their child, they see it as an act of rebellion. These acts of rebellion can be as simple as changing the way they dress, how they style their hair, or it can be something much more drastic such as staying out later with friends or engaging in ruffian behavior. The teenagers however see nothing wrong with their actions, and view it as â€Å"normal† since that is how their American friends act. These misunderstandings can lead to a strain on the parent – child relationship. Parents often have a difficult time obtaining a job that can provide for their family. The number one reason why Asians have a difficult time finding a proper job is because of the language barrier. The language barrier, as stated in the previous paragraph, is the most difficult to overcome. Asians typically choose to stay within the safety of their ethnic community, but in most cases those communities dont provide well paid jobs. When Asians first arrived here in the United States, low wage jobs that required lots of work was the only thing that was offered to them (PEW, The Rise Of Asian Americans). Asians were typically discriminated against and were always given the worse end of the deals during the first surge of immigrants in the 1900s (Pew, The Rise of Asian Americans). However, after being pushed aside and discriminated against for the past century Asian immigrants have begun to pave their own roads and have set up some successful small businesses. These small, family owned businesses have sprouted all over Asian communities, sometimes they are successful and sometimes theyre not. Many Asian immigrants choose to either find a job within their ethnic community or open one up rather than venturing out into mainstream America to find a job. Immigrants choose to stay close to their community because that is what they are comfortable with. They are working with people who speak their language and eat the same food they eat. They dont feel the need to worry about whether or not they are fitting in or if what theyre doing is considered absurd by non-Asians. Even though many Asians choose to stay and work in the Asian community or open up their own business, these jobs may not be as successful. In some cases where an Asian immigrant decides to open up their own business they often use their family members as workers. According to Lee Sharons article, â€Å"Poverty and the U. S. Asian Population†, sometimes these family members are unpaid or paid really low wages, and those family members simply let it pass. This also applies to non-family workers of those small businesses. Asians generally believe that family should always stick together, even if it means working for free or a at a really low rate. First generation Cambodian immigrant Nary Ngeth states, â€Å"I have no problem working at my moms bakery for free. Shes my mom. † However when asked if U. S. born citizen Rachel Pike was willing to work for her parents store for free like Ngeth, she replies, â€Å"They would have to pay me. I can probably find a job that pays more than them. † The difference between the two cultures is obvious, one is willing to work for free because they are family while the other insists she is able to find a job that can pay more. This practice of underpaying relatives and Asian immigrant workers is harmful them. It prevents the workers from finding a proper job that can pay them fairly. Some first generation Asian immigrants that choose to find a job in the mainstream America often find themselves underemployed or end up with low wage jobs. A study done by Gordon F. De Jong and Anna Madamba states that Asian immigrants suffer from a â€Å"double disadvantage† (117). De Jong and Madamba claims, â€Å"The double disadvantage hypothesis of minority group and immigrant status is accepted only for Asian men and women with jobs mismatched to their skills and for Asian women who are most likely to be unemployed or be among the working poor† (118). This suggests that Asian immigrants are unable to get jobs they are qualified for and end up with jobs that are beneath their skill level. This can include low wage jobs such as maintenance, retail, etc. Even if an Asian immigrant is qualified for a high paying job the language barrier often sets them back. According to the article Asian American Assimilation : Ethnicity, Immigration, And Socioeconomic Attainment, written by C. N. Le, the lack of having advanced language skills is the most common reason for immigrants not getting a job. If co-workers are unable to communicate properly things will never be able to run smoothly and can actually harm the work place. English and Spanish is the most common language in this country. Its easy for Spanish speaking immigrants to land jobs because of the increase of Mexican and South American immigrants, but its difficult for Asians. In some cases native born Americans have a difficult time communicating with Asians because of their heavy accents. The underemployment, mismatched jobs, language barrier, and agreeing to work for low wages are the cause for Asian immigrants being unable to find a proper job that can provide for their family. First generation children are often faced with the most difficult challenges in the family. These children act as the bridge between the two worlds. If their parents speak little or no English the children become the translators. Sometimes these children are put in situations where they have to make difficult decisions, and if their parents have any questions regarding mainstream America they are the ones to seek out the answer for them. Things such as how to open up a bank account, applying for credit cards, paying bills, getting the right paper work for their business, etc. Parents not only rely on their children as a connection to the American world, but they also expect them to surpass the native born students in their studies. Asians have been called the â€Å"model minority† by Americans, they believe that all the other groups of immigrants should aspire to become more â€Å"Asian† in terms of their work ethic, and academic performances (Wing, 455). Education is highly prized in the Asian community. Parents expect nothing but the best from their children when it comes to their grades in school. Sometimes parents will punish their children if they perform lowly on a test or get a bad grade on their report card. Nary Ngeth says, â€Å"I remember I got a C in my P. E. Class for failing the swimming portion of the class. My mom was so mad, she made me sign up for public swimming lessons after taking away my phone. Because I got a C in P. E! † In 2007, Dr. Jean Wing conducted a study in Berkely High School to see whether or not Asians are the â€Å"model minority†. Wing was able to find the students GPA based on race, and overall Asians outperformed the Latinos and Africans. Wing was also able to figure out which race are ready to attend college based on the CSU and UC eligibility requirement. This showed that more Asians are college bound than Latinos and Africans. 70% of Asian seniors at Berkley are eligible to attend college, while only 32% of African Americans and 48% of Latinos are eligible (Wing, 462-465). The academic success of Asian students overall could be because of how supportive Asian parents are to their children when it comes to schooling. Parents remind their kids to study for tests, do their homework, work on their projects, etc. â€Å"My mom would always help me with math. Having her constantly hover over me while I work on my homework was irritating, but she helped my a lot. It was like having my own personal tutor,† explains Ngeth. Not only do first generation children have to deal with the pressure put on them by their family, but they also have to deal with the problems they are faced at school. First generation children are one of the first members of the family to learn the English language and it can be difficult for them. Sometimes they can be ridiculed by their peers because of the way their accents. As stated in the second paragraph these teenagers are trying to find the balance between the two world they are living in. Teenagers want to become accepted by Americans, but they also want their parents approval of their choices. In Eli Liebers study of Asian immigrant families and European American families he finds that the â€Å"arguments between parent and child from European American families center on â€Å"mundane details of family life: doing chores, getting along with siblings and appearance† (190). However, the conflict that Asian immigrant families face are centered on â€Å"parents disapproval of mainstream American attitudes toward dating and adolescents desire for independence, especially with regard to career choice and marriage† (190). Finding the balance between the two worlds can often take years to find. Finding that balance along with being the bridge between the two worlds and the pressure to perform well in academics are some of the things that first generation children are faced with. The number of Asian immigrants moving to this country has been steadily growing. According to PEW, in the past year Asians has surpassed Hispanics in the number of immigrants arriving in the United States (PEW, The Rise of Asian Americans). The Asian community has left lasting impacts in this nation. Just like all the other immigrants they are faced with many challenges, but Asians are faced with more. The inability to let go of their ideology of collectiveness makes it difficult for them to understand the American culture. This also has lead to the formation of clumps of Asian communities within the nation. Although this is not necessarily a bad thing, it prevents immigrants from venturing out and exploring what America has to offer them. The biggest problem Asian immigrants face upon their arrival is the difference between the two cultures and trying to find the balance between the two. Some choose to ignore the cultures of their new host country, choosing instead to stay within their own ethnic community and having very little interactions with the U. S. born citizens. Some however, choose to fully embrace the new culture and forget their own culture values and traditions in order to fit it with Americans. Asian immigrants must learn to find the right balance between the two. Its important to learn how to live in the new country but its also important to hold onto ones culture. If immigrants can find the perfect balance between the two cultures, they will be able to lead a successful lifestyle in America. Works Cited Baek Choi, Jong, and Madhavappallil Thomas. Predictive Factors Of Acculturation Attitudes And Social Support Among Asian Immigrants In The USA.   International Journal Of Social Welfare  18. 1 (2009): 76-84. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. De Jong, Gordon F. , and Anna B. Madamba. A Double Disadvantage? Minority Group, Immigrant Status, And Underemployment In The United States.   Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited)  82. 10(2001): 117. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. Eli Lieber, et al. Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, Parenting Beliefs, And Adolescent Adjustment: A Comparison Of Asian Indian And European American Families.   Merrill-Palmer Quarterly  53. 2 (2007): 184-215. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Lang, LingLing, Beverly J. Irby, and Genevieve Brown. An Emergent Leadership Model Based On Confucian Virtues And East Asian Leadership Practices.   International Journal Of Educational Leadership Preparation  7. 2 (2012):  ERIC. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Le, C. N. Asian American Assimilation : Ethnicity, Immigration, And Socioeconomic Attainment. n. p. : LFB Scholarly Pub, 2007. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 Dec. 2012. Lee, Sharon M. Poverty And The U. S. Asian Popu lation.   Social Science Quarterly (University Of Texas Press)  75. 3 (1994): 541-559. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. Ngeth, Nary. Personal Interview. 09 Dec. 2012. PEW. The Rise of Asian Americans.   Pew Social And Demographic Trends. PEW Research Center, 19 June 2012. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. . Pike, Rachel. Personal Interview. 09 Dec. 2012. Rong, Xue Lan, and Linda Grant. Ethnicity, Immigrant Generation Status, And School Attainment Of Asians, Hispanics And Non-Hispanic Whites. (1990):  ERIC. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. Wing, Jean. Beyond Black And White: The Model Minority Myth And The Invisibility Of Asian American Students.   Urban Review  39. 4 (2007): 455-487. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.